photosynthesis

• What is the aim of the chlorophyll chromatography practical?

  To investigate different pigments in leaves
• Why do leaves appear to be one shade of green?

  They contain a combination of different pigments
• How many closely related pigments does chlorophyll typically have?

  Five
• What is the advantage of having a combination of pigments in leaves?

  It maximizes light energy absorption
• How do different environments affect the pigments in plants?

  They influence the wavelengths of light available
• What is the hypothesis regarding pigments in different species of leaves?

  They differ depending on their environment
• What is the first step in the chromatography method?

  Extract the pigment from the leaf
• How can you extract pigment using the TLC method?

  Crush the leaf in a solvent
• What is the purpose of the origin line in chromatography?

  To indicate where the pigment is applied
• Why should the solvent be below the origin line?

  To prevent dissolving the pigment off the paper
• How large should the pigment dot be on the chromatography paper?

  3 to 5 millimeters in diameter
• What happens to the pigments during chromatography?

  They dissolve and separate based on solubility
• Why should you use forceps to handle chromatography paper?

  To avoid contamination from fingers
• Why is it important to draw a line where the solvent reached?

  To calculate RF values accurately
• What does the RF value represent in chromatography?

  The distance moved by pigment divided by solvent
• How do you calculate the RF value?

  Distance moved by pigment / distance moved by solvent
• Why do RF values remain constant for each pigment?

  Due to specific solubility in solvents
• What should you do after analyzing the first leaf's chromatogram?

  Repeat the method for the second leaf
• What factors might explain differences in pigments between plant species?

  Canopy cover and light duration
• Why must the origin line be drawn in pencil?

  Ink can dissolve and interfere with results
• Why should you measure the RF value from the middle of the pigment mark?

  To standardize measurements for fair comparisons
• Why must chromatography paper be vertical?

  To ensure pigments move straight up
• Who is the presenter of the biology video?

  1. Ik
• What is the first stage of photosynthesis?

  Light dependent reactions
• How many stages are there in photosynthesis?

  Two stages
• Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

  In the thylakoid membranes
• What are the thylakoid membranes also referred to as?

  Grana (plural) or Granum (singular)
• What is required for the light dependent reactions to occur?

  Light energy
• What do the light dependent reactions produce?

  ATP and reduced NADP
• What are the four key reactions in light dependent reactions?

  1. Photolysis of water
  2. Photoionization of chlorophyll
  3. ATP production
  4. Reduced NADP production
• What does photolysis of water mean?

  Light energy splits water molecules
• What are the products of photolysis of water?

  Oxygen, electrons, and protons
• What happens to protons during photolysis?

  They are picked up by NADP
• What is the role of electrons in the light dependent reactions?

  They are passed along a chain of proteins
• What is the waste product of photosynthesis?

  Oxygen
• What does photoionization of chlorophyll involve?

  Loss of electrons from chlorophyll
• What happens to electrons after photoionization?

  They become excited and break free
• What is chemiosmosis in the context of photosynthesis?

  Production of ATP using a proton gradient
• How is ATP produced during chemiosmosis?

  Protons diffuse through ATP synthase
• What is the role of ATP synthase?

  Catalyzes the formation of ATP