kidney + blood glucose

• What is the main topic covered in this session?

  Filtering and reabsorption in the nephron
• What should viewers do if they enjoy the video?

  Give it a thumbs up
• What are the main components of the nephron?

  • Renal capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • Collecting ducts
• Where does ultra filtration occur in the nephron?

  In the renal capsule
• How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

  About 1 million
• What is the function of the nephron?

  To create urine by filtering blood
• What is the renal capsule also known as?

  Bowman's capsule
• What substances are removed from the blood during filtration?

  Excess water and urea
• What should not be found in urine of a healthy person?

  Proteins and blood cells
• Why are proteins and blood cells not filtered out?

  They are too big to be filtered
• How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?

  By active transport in the PCT
• What is the role of the loop of Henle?

  To maintain sodium ion gradient
• What happens to water in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

  It moves out by osmosis
• What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

  Further reabsorption of water
• What is the final product of the nephron's function?

  Urine
• How does the loop of Henle differ in desert animals compared to humans?

  Desert animals have a longer loop of Henle
• Why do desert animals need a longer loop of Henle?

  To reabsorb more water
• What are the steps of ultra filtration and reabsorption in the nephron?

  1. Blood enters through afferent arteriole.
  2. Ultra filtration occurs in the renal capsule.
  3. Filtrate passes into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
  4. 85% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT.
  5. Sodium ion gradient is maintained in the loop of Henle.
  6. Further reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts.
  7. Remaining liquid forms urine.
• What is the term for the filtrate created in the renal capsule?

  Glomerular filtrate
• What adaptations do the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule have?

  Microvilli and many mitochondria
• What is the role of mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubule?

  To provide energy for active transport
• How do sodium ions enter the proximal convoluted tubule cells?

  By diffusion through co-transporter proteins
• What is the significance of reabsorption in the kidneys?

  To retain useful substances in the blood
• What happens to the concentration of sodium ions in the ascending limb?

  Sodium ions are actively transported out
• What is the effect of a low water potential in the interstitial space?

  Water moves out of the descending limb
• What is the final concentration of the filtrate entering the collecting duct?

  Very dilute
• What is the role of the collecting duct?

  To form urine from remaining liquid
• What happens to the urine produced by the nephron?

  It is excreted from the body
• What is the importance of osmoregulation in the kidneys?

  To maintain water balance in the body
• What is the relationship between the length of the loop of Henle and water reabsorption?

  Longer loops allow more water reabsorption
• What is the significance of the term "reabsorption" in kidney function?

  It indicates substances are taken back into blood
• What happens to the sodium ions at the base of the ascending limb?

  Some diffuse out into the interstitial space
• What is the role of the interstitial space in the nephron?

  It allows for the movement of substances
• What is the overall process of urine formation in the nephron?

  Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
• What is the importance of the collecting duct in urine concentration?

  It allows for final water reabsorption
• How does the nephron contribute to homeostasis?

  By regulating water and solute balance
• What is the significance of the term "glomerular filtrate"?

  It refers to the fluid filtered in the renal capsule
• What is the role of the renal capsule in the nephron?

  It houses the glomerulus for filtration
• What is the function of the afferent arteriole?

  To supply blood to the glomerulus
• What is the role of the efferent arteriole?

  To carry blood away from the glomerulus