week 2

• Teodoro Agoncillo


  • A prominent 20th-century Filipino historian
  • Renowned for promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history
• Santiago Alvarez


  • A revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party
  • Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite's famous battles
  • The only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez
• Unknown to the Magdiwang Council, the Magdalo posted troops to guard the Tanza parish house for their oath-taking ceremonies. The troops were under strict orders not to admit any of the unwanted Magdiwang partisans. If the news about the secret ceremony had leaked out earlier, and the underdogs in the power struggle had attempted to break into it, they would have been annihilated then and there.
• That same night it was rumored that the Magdalo leaders were currently holding their own meeting at the parish house in Tanza.
• Tabon Man- during the initial excavations of the Tabon cave, June and July 1962, the scattered fossil bones of at least three individuals were excavated, including a large fragment of a frontal bone with the brows and portions of the nasal bones. These fossil bones were recovered towards the rear of the cave along the left wall. Unfortunately, the area in which the fossil human bones were recovered had been disturbed by Megapode birds. It was not possible in 1962 to establish the association of the bones with a specific flake assemblage. Although they were provisionally related to either Flake Assemblage II or III. Subsequent excavations in the same area now strongly suggest that the fossil human bones were associated with Flake Assemblage III for only the flakes of this assemblage have been found to date in this area of the cave.
• Robert Fox is an anthropologist and leading historian on the prehispanic Philippines. He led a six-year archaeological research project in Palawan, focusing mainly on the caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point in the southern part of the island. Its most outstanding site is the Tabon Cave complex, the large main cave delivered the only Pleistocene human fossils found in the Philippines to date. The fossil finds include a skullcap, jaw bones, teeth and several other fragmented bones. Dubbed as the "Tabon Man", the finds represent more than just one individual.
• Unknown speaker: '“the Katipunan of the Sons of the People which association is known and acknowledged by all, I hereby declare null and void all matters approved in this meeting.”'
• At the gathering in the Tanza parish house

  Those elected at the Tejeros convention took an oath
• They waited until five that afternoon, but none of the Magdalo members came, not even their president who had initiated what would have been a reconciliation meeting.
• Example of Secondary Source: EXCERPT from TEODORO AGONCILLO, “The Revolt of the Masses, the story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan”, University of the Philippines Press: Q.C. 2002, (pp. 205-211; 214-217). Also referring to the events that transpired during the Tejeros Convention. This is from chapter 12, “Seeds of Discontent”.
• The fossil human bones were associated with Flake Assemblage III
• Tabon Man may be dated

  22,000 to 24,000 years ago
• The fossil bones are those of Homo sapiens
• Physical anthropologists agree that the Tabon skullcap belonged to modern man, Homo sapiens, not Homo erectus
• Scott's study includes many misstatements about the Tabon Caves
• Tabon Cave has been found to contain finished tools, waste cores, and flakes at four different levels in the main chamber
• William Henry Scott: '“…a less brainy individual…”'
• Tabon Man was "pre-Mongoloid" and not a Negrito
• Tabon Man's skull dimensions are above average compared to the modern Filipino
• Defining the exact age of the human fossils

  Further excavations in the cave and chemical analysis of human and animal bones from disturbed and undisturbed levels in the cave
• A specialist will conduct a separate study on the fossil bones of Tabon Man
• Flakes of Flake Assemblage III have been found to date in the area of the cave
• Charcoal left from cooking fires has been recovered from three of the assemblages in Tabon Cave and dated by C-14 to roughly 7,000 B.C., 20,000 B.C., and 28,000 B.C.
• The earliest human skull remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skullcap and jawbone of three individuals collectively called “Tabon Man”
• All skulls and teeth studied professionally, except the three Tabon man fragments, display the physical type called "Mongoloid" or "Southern Mongoloid"
• Experts believe the mandible of Tabon Man is of "Australian" physical type