2.2.5-2.2.7 Non-communicable Diseases

• What is health?

  A state of physical and mental wellbeing and an absence of disease.
• What is a non-communicable disease?

  Disease that cannot be passed from one organism to another and it is not caused by pathogens.
• What is a risk factor?

  A variable associated with an increased chance (risk) of disease or infection.
• Factors that affect health include non-communicable and communicable diseases, diet, stress and life situations.
• Examples of non-communicable diseases - coronary heart disease, COPD, cancer, broken bones, stroke, diabetes
• Examples of communicable diseases - common cold, covid 19, influenza, chicken pox
• Diet factors that affect health - malnutrition, obesity, anorexia, eating disorders
• Five categories of disease - infectious, mental, inherited, physical, deficiency
• What is a deficiency disease?

  a lack of vitamins or minerals in the diet
• What is a mental disease?

  A disease that can be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain.
• Two mental diseases?

  Depression, schizophrenia
• Two deficiency diseases?

  Scurvy, anaemia
• Physical health issues are usually caused by accidents or poor lifestyle choices.
• Inherited health issues are conditions people are born with as a result of their genes.
• Infectious health issues are caused by pathogens that are spread between infected individuals.
• Two inherited diseases?

  cystic fibrosis, down's syndrome
• Two physical health issues?

  broken bone, paralysis
• Three infectious diseases?

  tuberculosis, flu, covid 19
• Covid and diabetes are very different, yet both are classified as diseases. Explain how this is possible?

  They both affect physical or mental wellbeing. If the person cannot be described as 'healthy', then they must have a disease.
• How can viruses affect cells?

  Viruses can trigger changes in the cell that could lead to cancers. They can also use the cells to create copies of the virus.
• How can defects in the immune system lead to other health issues?

  A faulty immune system means that you will be more susceptible to other communicable diseases. Defects can also lead to more frequent/longer/harder to treat than a normal immune systems.
• What can cause allergies?


  immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies to factors in the environment - can cause skin rashes, hives, asthma
• How is depression affected by other health issues?

  Severe physical health can lead to depression, physical and mental health are closely linked.
• Malnutrition is a deficiency or an excess in nutrient intake. It is linked to health problems including obesity, deficiency diseases, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer.
• Risk factors for disease: genetics, environment (active outdoor jobs), drugs, age, stress, smoking and vaping, alcohol