Cells

• Three types of passive transport

  Diffusion, facilitated diffusion , osmosis
• Substances that can move across the plasma membrane are called solutes.
• Diffusion

  Moving solutes down concentration gradient e.g cordial into water
• Osmosis

  a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
• Facilitated diffusion

  Uses protein to assist with diffusion and is selective to the type of molecule allowed in membrane
• Tonicity

  Capability of a solution to alter volume of cells by changing water content
• Hypertonicity

  Higher concentrations of solutes, water leaves the cell
• Hypotonicity

  lower concentration of solutes, water enters the cell
• Osmolarity

  Total concentration within a solution
• Prokaryotic Cells

  are smaller than eukaryotic cells and have a single circular chromosome; Bacteria & Archaea
• eukaryotic cells

  have a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and a cell membrane; Plants, animals, fungi, & Protists
• Hydrophilic Heads

  Like water, move towards water based environments
• Hydrophobic Tails

  Dislike water, inside membrane
• Endocytosis

  Transports into the cell
• Exocytosis


  Transports out of the cell
• Vesicles

  Carry materials and destroy waste in and out of cell
• Active Transport

  Requires ATP, pushes carrier up gradient. LOW to HIGH. ADP is left over allowing for cell to comeback through membrane
• Secondary Transport

  uses uphill drive from one ion to move another ion to opposing gradient
• Resting Membrane Potential

  Positive outside cell, Negative inside. equilibrium at -70mv. e.g sodium potassium pump
• Chromatin

  Loosely compacted, not divded
• Chromosomes

  Lightly Compacted, cell is divided
• Atrophy

  Cells are't being used, causes muscle shrinkage
• Hypertrophy

  Increase muscle size through weight training
• Hyperplasia

  Increase of cells in tissue. e.g more cells in breasts during birth to produce milk
• Dysplasia

  Presence or lack of cells within an organ or tissue
• Mitosis

  Cell produces another cell alike
• Meiosis

  Single cell divides twice to produce four cells with 50% of genetic info
• Phases of Mitosis

  Prophase

  Prometaphase

  Metaphase

  Anaphase

  Telophase

  Completion of mitosis

  Cytokensis
• Prophase

  DNA Condences and organises into classic chromosomes strucutre
• Prometaphase

  Microtuburial attached to chromosomes
• Metaphase

  Chromosomes Align
• Anaphase

  Chromosomes seperate
• Telophase

  Two nuclei appear around two chromosomes
• Mitosis

  Mitosis is complete, two new cells are formed under phase called cytokenisis
• Epithelial

  Forms inner lining around body, absorbs nutrients in gut and lungs. Sensory function
• Connective Tissue

  Stores fat, moves nutrients, repairs damaged tissue
• Muscular Tissue

  Skeletal

  Smooth

  Cardiac
• Nervous Tissue

  Nerve cells making up brain or spinal cord
• Glands

  An organ that secret substances into the body, can include: Enzymes, waste, Hormones
• Endocrine

  Glands secrete directly into the blood stream