learning, memory loss na talaga ako

• Alzheimer's disease


  A progressive disease, most common in old age, characterized by impaired memory and attention. Related to the deposition of amyloid-beta protein in the brain, leading to abnormalities of the tau protein and additional difficulties
• Classical conditioning


  A type of learning where a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) to elicit a specific response (conditioned response)
• Korsakoff's syndrome


  A neurological disorder caused by severe alcoholism or malnutrition, characterized by memory loss, confabulation, and other cognitive impairments
• Delayed matching-to-sample task


  Individuals are presented with a sample stimulus and then must choose the matching stimulus from a set of options after a delay
• Engram


  The physical representation of a memory in the brain, believed to involve changes in the strength of connections between neurons
• Tau protein


  A protein that plays a role in stabilizing microtubules in neurons. Abnormalities in tau protein can lead to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's
• Amyloid-beta


  A protein that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. The accumulation of amyloid-beta leads to the formation of plaques, associated with neuronal damage and cognitive decline
• Short-term memory


  A type of memory that holds a limited amount of information for a brief period unless actively rehearsed or encoded into long-term memory
• Declarative memory


  A type of long-term memory involving the conscious recollection of facts and events. Includes episodic memory (personal experiences) and semantic memory (general knowledge)
• Delayed response task


  Individuals are required to remember information during a delay period and then respond accordingly
• Procedural memory


  A type of long-term memory involving the learning and recall of skills and procedures, such as riding a bike or typing
• Amnesia


  A condition characterized by the loss or impairment of memory. Can be classified into different types, such as anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories) and retrograde amnesia (loss of memories before the onset of amnesia)
• Confabulation


  A memory distortion where individuals fill in memory gaps with false or fabricated information that they then remember as true
• Episodic memory


  A type of declarative memory involving the recollection of specific events or experiences, including their time and place
• Delayed nonmatching-to-sample task


  Individuals must choose the stimulus that does not match the sample after a delay
• Semantic dementia


  A form of dementia characterized by the progressive loss of semantic memory, resulting in difficulties understanding and using words and concepts
• Working memory


  A cognitive system responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of information needed for ongoing cognitive tasks
• Karl Lashley showed that learning does not depend on new connections across the cerebral cortex
• Short-term memory


  Holds only a small amount of information and retains it only briefly unless constantly rehearsed
• Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome often fill in their memory gaps with confabulations, which they then remember as if they were true
• People with damage to the hippocampus still show implicit memory, store short-term memories, and form new procedural memories
• Accumulating amyloid leads to abnormalities of the tau protein, causing additional difficulties
• Richard Thompson found that some instances of classical conditioning take place in small areas of the cerebellum
• Theories about the hippocampus


  • Focus on its role in declarative memory, spatial memory, and memory for details and context
• Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease, most common in old age, characterized by impaired memory and attention
• Other brain areas important for


  • Elaborating episodic memories, semantic memories, memories of the reward or punishment values of various possible actions
• People with damage to the hippocampus have great trouble forming new long-term declarative memories, especially episodic memories
• Working memory


  A modern alternative to the concept of short-term memory, stores information that one is currently using
• Psychologists distinguish between short-term memory and long-term memory
• Ivan Pavlov suggested that learning depends on the growth of a connection between two brain areas
• Alzheimer’s disease is related to deposition of amyloid-b protein in the brain
• The hippocampus is important for rapid storage of an event


  The basal ganglia learn gradually