conscious pa naman so far

• Dualism conflicts with the conservation of matter and energy, one of the best-established principles of physics
• Most researchers agree that we cannot answer the question of why consciousness exists
• Consciousness may be a threshold phenomenon where events exceeding a certain level of brain activity become conscious
• When someone is conscious of a stimulus, the representation of that stimulus spreads over a large portion of the brain
• The hard problem is the question of why consciousness exists at all
• Identifying brain activities associated with consciousness

  Presenting the same stimulus under conditions when an observer probably will or probably will not identify it consciously
• Monism


  The idea that mental activity is inseparable from brain activity
• Even before a stimulus becomes conscious, the brain processes the information enough to identify something as meaningful or meaningless
• Prolonged meditation training may enhance attention
• Deliberate, top-down attention depends on activity in the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex
• People with sensory neglect also have difficulties with working memory and shifting attention from one stimulus to another, even when stimuli do not vary from left to right
• Attention and resistance to distraction vary across time and among individuals
• Attention to a stimulus is almost synonymous with being conscious of it
• Attention is limited, leading people to often fail to notice gradual changes in a scene
• Damage to parts of the right hemisphere can produce spatial neglect for the left side of the body or objects
• Many stimuli influence behavior without being conscious
• Most neuroscientists and philosophers accept some version of monism
• Using brain recordings to infer consciousness

  More confident inferences become possible after understanding what aspects of brain functioning are necessary for consciousness
• Long-term players of action video games generally show above-average performance on attention tasks
• Dualism


  The belief in a nonmaterial mind that exists separately from the body and influences it
• Events may modify conscious perception of stimuli that occurred earlier
• It is possible to deliberately direct attention toward one stimulus and away from another
• Neglect results from a deficit in attention, not sensation
• Hard problem of consciousness

  Challenge of explaining how subjective experiences arise from physical processes in the brain
• Binocular rivalry


  Phenomenon where different images presented to each eye compete for perceptual dominance
• Masking


  Technique used to study the temporal characteristics of visual perception
• Mind-brain problem


  Issue exploring the relationship between the mind and the physical brain
• Spatial neglect


  Neuropsychological condition where individuals fail to attend to stimuli presented in one side of space
• Materialism


  Philosophical position explaining everything in the universe in terms of physical matter and interactions
• Identity position


  Concept exploring the relationship between the mind and the body
• Consciousness


  State of being aware of and having subjective experiences, thoughts, and feelings
• Stroop effect


  Phenomenon where individuals have difficulty naming the color of a word when it is the name of a different color
• Monism


  Philosophical position suggesting there is only one fundamental substance in the universe
• Inattentional blindness


  Phenomenon where individuals fail to perceive unexpected stimuli in their visual field
• Dualism


  Philosophical concept suggesting the mind and the body are separate entities
• Mentalism


  Philosophical position emphasizing the primacy of mental phenomena
• Phi phenomenon


  Perceptual illusion where motion is perceived by rapid succession of stationary images