Midterm 3

• Reticular Formation - “net” from medulla & pons throughout forebrain; receives from all sensory systems
• Electro-encephalogram (EEG) - used to characterize brain activity during different states of wakefulness
• Beta activity - awake, active, 18-24Hz, very high frequency, de-synchronized
• Alpha activity - awake, relaxed; 8-12 Hz; mid-high frequency; somewhat de-synchronized
• Theta activity - sleep 1; 4-7 Hz; lower frequency, more synchronized
• Sleep 2 - theta waves but with spindles and K complexes
• Delta activity - less than 4 Hz; sleep 3; very low frequency, high voltage; very synchronized
• Sleep 4 - over 50% are less than 4 Hz ; hardest to wake; synchronized
• REM deprivation —> system attempts to enter REM more frequently; when allowed to REM —> rebound effect
• Sleep cycle- 90 minutes from state 1 to REM
• Hypothalamus nuclei - critical in initialting + regulating sleep
• PGO wave - sequence of activation in pons → geniculate → occipital cortex initiates REM
• Raphe Nuclei - decreasing serotonin(5HT) output —> sleepiness, irritable if no sleep
• James-Lange Theory - Emotion is an after-the-fact label we give to autonomic arousal; emotion comes after arousal
• Schacter-Singer theory - Both top-down and bottom-up effects are in play when feeling emotion
• Cannon-Bard theory - Visceral and cognitive responses are simultaneous for emotion
• Volitional facial paralysis - damage to primary motor cortex, can't voluntarily smile
• Emotional facial paralysis - can't smile spontaneously, damage to anterior insula, impairment of disgust
• GnRH is released by hypothalamus to anterior pituary
• LH & FSH are released by anterior pituary to impact gonads
• Androstenodione - released by adrenal gland, esp. in females; responsible for secondary hair growth
• Testosterone - released by testes
• Estrogen - released by ovaries
• Classical conditioning involves developing associations between stimuli
• Conditioning depends on temporal contiguity which means that the items being associated must co-occur
• Brain area most implicated in spatial memory is hippocampus
• Declarative memory - for cued facts or personal episodes
• Korsakoff's syndrome - inability to form new memories
• Fusiforme gyrus - recognition of faces
• Cerebellum - "motor programs" related to timing of muscle movement
• Dorsal temporal cortex - recognition of words and voices
• Posterior parietal - hold patterns of activity in praxic space
• Lateralization - dominance of one hemisphere of cerebral cortex over the other for particular functions
• Right hemisphere - usually dominant for visio-spatial tasks and socio-emotional processes
• Left hemisphere - usually dominant for language + other sequential and analytic processes
• Wernicke's area - damage leads to incomprehensible speech, anomia, and can't follow simple directions
• Brocca's area - damage leads to articulation difficulties, can understand speech
• Learning - development of a permanent change based on experience
• Long term potentiation (LTP) - Semi-permanent structural and connectivity changes, via a variety of mechanisms
• Procedural memory - remembering motor skills, how to do something