individual differences

• Individual Differences refer to variables that make one person different from another
• The social theories of obedience and prejudice focus on individual differences rather than universal processes.

  False
• What do social psychologists like Milgram and Sherif focus on in their studies?

  Obedient majority
• Situational factors in obedience and prejudice refer to things related to the environment or people
• What is the definition of culture in social psychology?

  Behaviors and beliefs
• In a deferential culture, people are more likely to disobey authority figures.

  False
• What type of culture is modern Western culture considered?

  Individualistic
• In a "face saving" culture, people are more likely to be obedient to avoid shame
• What might motivate obedience in cultures that value justice?

  Contractual obligation
• Sub-cultures within a country can influence obedience and prejudice.
• Sub-cultures can experience prejudice due to Freud's concept of "the narcissism of minor differences
• Stages of obedience and prejudice development according to stereotypes

  1️⃣ Submissive young children

  2️⃣ Rebellious teenagers

  3️⃣ Obedient adults
• Milgram analyzed his obedience study results by age group.

  False
• What did Shanab & Yahya (1977) find about obedience across different age groups?

  No statistical differences
• In-group favoritism and out-group discrimination develop around the age of 5
• Children learn prejudices solely from their families.

  False
• What did Milgram's Variation #8 reveal about gender differences in obedience?

  No statistical difference
• Kilham & Mann (1974) found that women in Australia were less likely to obey than men
• Women in Kilham & Mann's study may have sided with the victim rather than obey authority.
• What evolutionary explanation does Navarrete et al. (2012) offer for gender differences in prejudice?

  Male Warrior Hypothesis
• According to the Male Warrior Hypothesis, males have evolved to be hostile while females have evolved a "tend-and-befriend" response.
• What happened in Milgram's empathy variation when Mr. Wallace complained of chest pains?

  More participants dropped out
• Burger (2009) found that high empathy scores led to lower obedience.

  False
• Which personality trait did Burger (2009) find was linked to lower obedience?

  Autonomy
• Match the personality trait with its effect on obedience:

  Neurotic Extrovert ↔️ Likely to disobey

  High N ↔️ Unsuited to following orders

  High E ↔️ Temperament to rebel
• Adorno's theory of the Authoritarian Personality explains obedience to the Nazis
• Authoritarian personalities are driven by a strong ego and a weak superego.

  False
• What questionnaire did Adorno create to measure the Authoritarian Personality?

  F-Scale
• Authoritarian personalities use projection to deflect feelings of shame and inadequacy
• Authoritarian personalities are terrified of being perceived as weak.
• What group are authoritarian personalities often disturbed by due to their non-conformity?

  Hippies
• The Authoritarian Personality theory is often used to explain homophobia
• Situational factors and individual differences interact to influence behavior.
• What did Alan Elms (1966) find when he tested Milgram's participants with the F-Scale?

  High scorers gave more shocks
• Psychological research suggests that young men and women are equally at risk from gang leader orders
• The F-Scale could be used in schools to identify and support children with authoritarian traits.
• What is a common-sense term for the belief that some cultures look down on others?

  Little Englander
• The F-Scale is used to test school children for the Authoritarian Personality
• Targeting children with high F-Scale scores for counseling could prevent them from joining gangs.
• What does the "Little Englander" mentality refer to in Britain?

  Cultural superiority