✧ vsaqs

• dental formula in human beings is 2123/2123.
• thecodont - it is a type of dentition where teeth are embedded into the sockets of the jaw.

  diphyodont - is a type of dentition where two sets of teeth are developed in a lifetime.
• auto catalysis - it is a reaction where one of the end products acts as a catalyst for the next reaction.

  eg - trypsinogen - enterokinase - trypsin

  trypsinogen - trypsin - trypsin
• chyme - the pulpy, acidic food bolus that passes from the stomach to the small intestine which consists of gastric juices and partly digested food.
• salivary glands -

  parotid glands ; before the ears, in the back of the mouth

  sublingual glands ; under the tongue

  submandibular glands ; deep inside the mouth at the lower jaw
• papillae ; small projections on the tongue.

  fungi form, filiform, circumvallate papillae.
• the blood vessels entering and exiting the kidney.

  renal artery ; it is an artery that carries oxygenated blood into the kidney.

  renal vein ; it is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney.
• columns of bertin ; between the renal pyramids, extension of the medullary cortex is present which forms the columns of bertin.
• glomerular filtration is the process of the blood passing through the glomerulus and into the renal tubule.
• juxtaglomerular apparatus - it helps in control of glomerular filtrate and efficient sodium reabsorption.
• atrial natriuretic peptide - is a hormone which regulates salt and water balance and blood pressure by promoting renal sodium and water excretion.
• motor unit - a motor neuron along with muscle fibres innervated by its telodendrites is called motor unit.
• triad system ; each T tubule is flanked on either side by several terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

  T tubule and the two terminal cisternae at its sides form the triad system.
• actin ; it is a protein which produces thin contractile filaments in the muscle.

  myosin ; it is a protein which produces dense contractile filaments in the muscle.
• red muscle fibers - it has more amount of mitochondria and myoglobin which gives red appearance.
• white muscle fibres ; has less amount of mitochondria and myoglobin which gives whitish appearance.
• the sphenoid bone is the keystone bone of the cranium, it is located on the floor of the brain in contact with all sutures.
• ear ossicles evolved from the skull bones in tetrapods, they are incus, malleus and stapes.
• joint between cranial bones = sutures

  joint between inter-tarsal joint = gliding joints
• corpus callosum ; white matter which connects the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain
• arbor vitae ; it is the white matter present in the brain which has a tree-like appearance.
• all or none principle - it states that when a nerve fibre is stimulated it gives either maximal response or no response at all.
• blind spot ; located posteriorly where the optic fibres exit the eye.

  yellow spot ; located in the centre of retina comprising of the cones only.
• organ of corti ; a structure in the cochlea of the inner ear, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.
• acromegaly ; it occurs when your body produces excess of growth hormone. it is secreted by the pituitary gland.
• diabetes insipidus ; it is a condition where the kidneys produce excess of urine.

  diabetes mellitus ; it is a condition where insulin levels are low and blood sugar levels are high.
• fight and flight hormones - adrenaline and noradrenaline.
• erythropoietin ; secreted by the kidneys which helps in production of red blood cells.
• mature b cells - lymphocytes which are capable of producing antibodies and can capture circulating antigens.
• colostrum is the first milk containing IgA antibodies, produced by the mother after child birth. they build the baby's nutrition and provide concentrated nutrition.
• autoimmune disorders are formed when the body's immune system attacks an healthy tissue on accident.

  eg ; corhn's disease, diabetes 1
• graft rejection can be avoided in patients by correctly, accurately matching the donor's and receiver's blood type and organ.
• measures to prevent std ; use of condoms, vaccination, and abstinence
• amniocentesis ; it is a prenatal test where a sample of amniotic fluid is taken from the mother to check if the baby has any health disorders.
• prebiotic soup ; mixture of organic and inorganic compounds along with water in primitive earth.

  coined by - haldane.
• biogenetic law ; it is theory of development and evolution proposed by ernst haeckal in germany.
• atavism ; it is a condition where reccurence of traits of ancestors happen in an organism.

  eg - appearance of teeth in chicken.
• genetic load ; refers to the amount by which population fitness is decreased by natural selection acting on genotypic differences.
• allopatric ; groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species due to a period of geographical separation.

  sympatric ; groups from an ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation.
• dyropithecus - ape like

  ramapithecus - man like

  homo neanderthalensis used hides to cover the bodies.