Chapter 5

• Endothermic: A reaction that requires energy input to proceed.
• Endergonic: Energy is taken in to break bonds, so the reaction is spontaneous
• Anabolic: A reaction that builds up a molecule from smaller molecules.
• Exothermic: A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings.
• Exergonic: Energy is released when a reaction occurs. Requires energy to break the bonds.
• Catabolic: A reaction that breaks down molecules into smaller molecules.
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores energy in the form of chemical bonds
• Oxidation: The loss of electrons, which is accompanied by the gain of oxygen.
• Reduction: Gain of electrons, which is accompanied by the loss of oxygen.
• Common electron carriers: NADH, NADPH, and FADH
• Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose to produce two pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH and 2 ATP.
• Pyruvate Dehydrogenate: Converts 2 pyruvic acid into 2 Acetyl CoA, 4 NADH and 2 ATP
• Decarboxylation: Removes carbon and two oxygen to make CO2
• Krebs/Critic Acid Cycle: Acetyl-CoA is inputted and produces 10 NADH,2 FADH and 4 ATP
• Electron transport chain (ETC): Most significant production of ATP. Redox reactions and ATP synthase. Produces 38 ATP
• ETC happens in cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes
• ETC happens in mitochondria of Eukaryotes
• Final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is Oxygen
• Final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration can be “Other’
• Cellular respiration: The process by which organisms release energy from glucose.
• Fermentation: Input, Pyruvic Acid-> Organic waste products. Ex. Acid or Alcohol
• Substrate-level phosphorylation: Enzyme takes a phosphate off a substrate and puts in on another.
• Acetyl CoA: A molecule that is produced during the breakdown of fatty acids
• Chemiosmosis: Use of ion gradients to generate ATP
• Electrochemical gradient: The difference in concentration of electrons across a membrane.
• Proton gradient: Transport of protons across the membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
• Catabolism of Lipids: Breakdown of lipids by Lipases from glycerol with can be dropped into glycolysis. Also can be dropped in Critic acid cycle by Beta-oxidation.
• Beta-oxidation: Oxidation of fatty acids to produce acetyl-CoA
• Catabolism of Proteins: Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.
• Deamination: Reaction that splits amino groups off amino acids.
• Photosynthesis: Light energy to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O
• Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll, and contains DNA
• Chlorophylls: green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light
• Thylakoids: membranes that house photosystems
• Light-dependent reactions: light energy is used to break down glucose into simple sugars
• Light-independent reactions: Using ATP and NADP generated in the light-dependent reaction to make glucose
• Photophosphorylation: The process by which light energy is used to generate ATP.
• Amphibolic: Reactions that cam be reversed by a reversible reaction
• Calvin-benson Cycle: Anabolic pathway to generate glucose from CO2 and other Carbon Molecules.
• Gluconeogenesis: the process of converting non-carbohydrate molecules into glucose