Medicine

• Among the common principles and procedures were hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal manipulation, quarantine, bone-setting and surgery.
• Incantations and other psychotherapeutic devices sometimes accompanied other techniques.
• The knowledge of specific medicinal plants was quite extensive in some kingdoms, empires, and city states such as Aksum, and Borgu (in Hausaland)
• Borgu (in Hausaland) is also well known fororthopedics (bone-setting), as is the case ofFuntua in Northern Nigeria.
• Many traditional techniques are still utilized in some areas. Others have undergone change over time, have been revived in more recent periods, or have fallen into oblivion. (state of being completely forgotten)