Land Bridge Theory – the belief that people came on foot when migrating
Divisions and Disputes between settlers and natives: How does one decide who owns the property? Does one acquire property rights by walking or roaming the land? Who owns the empty land? Can one claim land that is uncultivated, unfarmed, or unfenced?
1. Swift attacks for territorial rights: hunting, fishing, harvest, etc.
2. Power struggles
3. Not over property rights
Martin Luther’s Protest: History of Criticism of the Catholic Church, Reformation Efforts, Excommunication
Renaissance Influence: The disappearance of the Dark Ages, “Rediscovery” of ancient texts, Printing Press, “Modern” writers
Southwestern groups
Anasazi in New Mexico – ancestors of the Puebla tribe
Cultures before the 16th century
Adena-Hopewell – Ohio Valley
Mississippian – Mississippi and Missouri River area and south to Florida
Southwestern groups – multiple tribes in multiple regions
Economy and trade
1. Bartering system well established between tribes
2. European settlers plug into the bartering network
Pre-1492 Estimate: 5 to 10 million native peoples
Gender relations in society and work
1. Men
2. Women
Languages
Over 30 languages are known
Life Cycle
1. Birth Customs
2. Naming Customs
3. Marriage Rituals (Private ceremony, Public Ceremony)
4. Death Rituals
Reformation Influence: History of the Catholic Church, Separation of Church and State Theory, Reformation of the Catholic Church in Europe, Doctrines of the Catholic Church Pre-Reformation
Turning Points in European History: Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration
John Calvin
Scholar and theologian, not a priest
France and later Switzerland
Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
German nationalism and protest of Italian hierarchy in the Church
John Calvin: 'Protest'
Excommunication
Reaction of the Catholic Church
John Calvin is the Father of the French Protestant Church
Renaissance Meets Reformation Politically
English Protest Reform
1. Creation of Anglican Church
2. King as head of the church, not the pope
3. Henry VIII vs. Pope Clement VII
Anabaptist Protest Reform Efforts
1. Voluntary church membership
2. Voluntary faith/church association
3. Voluntary obligations to the State
Spain was a powerful force in exploration with a revival of Catholic piety
Reformation in Europe Religious Boundaries
Renaissance Meets Reformation Socially
Spain and Portugal in the early 1400s
Scandinavia had early exploration in the 9th and 10th centuries