Contraception

• Chemical method - The combined pill contains oestrogen and progesterone. Oestrogen inhibits FSH production, which prevents egg maturation and progesterone thickens mucus in the uterus, blocking sperm. This method is known to be >99% effective.
• Chemical method - the Progesterone-Only Pill has fewer side effects. It inhibits the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years depending if it is taken orally or directly on skin. It can be injected, implanted or used as a skin patch for long-term effectiveness.
• Chemical method - Intrauterine devices (IUD) is a small plastic device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The plastic type produces progesterone, stimulating production of cervical mucus. The copper type releases copper ions that disable and prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
• Barrier methods - Condoms are made of latex and cover the penis during sexual intercourse. Diaphragms also act as a barrier preventing sperm entering the vagina. Only condoms reduce the risk of STI transmission.
• Natural method - Abstinence involves no intercourse during fertile period and is 100% effective.
• Natural method - Fertility prediction, however is less effective as fertility can be unpredictable.
• Surgical method - Female sterilisation is a permanent method which involves the cutting and tying of the fallopian tubes.
• Surgical method - Vasectomies are a permanent method for males which involves the cutting and tying of sperm ducts.