Mood Disorders

• are a miscellaneous group—everything other than the types just discussed

  atypical antidepressants
• formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, alternate between two poles—depression and its opposite, mania.

  bipolar disorder
• People who have full-blown episodes of mania are said to have ________

  bipolar I disorder
• have milder manic phases, called hypomania, characterized by agitation or anxiety

  bipolar II disorder
• Many people with depression do not respond well to either drugs or psychotherapy. What options are available for them? One possibility, despite its stormy history, is treatment through an electrically induced seizure, known as ______________

  electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• The first successful treatment for bipolar disorder, and still the most common one, is

  lithium
• people with ___________ feel sad and helpless every day for weeks at a time.

  major depression
• is characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions.

  mania
• (e.g., phenelzine, trade name Nardil) block the enzyme ___________, a presynaptic terminal enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.

  monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• —that is, depression after giving birth

  postpartum depression
• depression that recurs during a particular season, such as winter.

  seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
• are similar to tricyclics but specific to the neurotransmitter serotonin.

  selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Several newer drugs are ______________, such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). As you might guess, they block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

  serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
• (e.g., imipramine, trade name Tofranil) operate by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release.

  tricyclics
• Depression can be either unipolar or bipolar. People with ______________ disorder vary between normality and one pole—depression.

  unipolar depression/disorder