Schizophrenia

• drugs that tend to relieve schizophrenia and similar conditions

  antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs
• which include haloperidol (trade name Haldol).

  butyrophenones
• (trade name Thorazine) relieves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for most, though not all, patients.

  chlorpromazine
• agreement


  concordance
• unjustifiable beliefs, such as “Beings from outer space are controlling my actions"


  delusions
• that is, one that rules out other conditions with similar symptoms.

  differential diagnosis
• One that has attracted much interest, called _________ (disrupted in schizophrenia 1), controls production of dendritic spines

  DISC1
• which holds that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas

  dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
• the problem relates in part to deficient activity at glutamate synapses, especially in the prefrontal cortex.


  glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
• false sensory experiences, such as hearing voices when alone

  hallucinations
• a set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system.


  mesolimbocortical system
• behaviors that are absent that should be present, are usually stable over time and difficult to treat.

  negative symptoms
• According to ___________ schizophrenia begins with abnormalities in the prenatal (before birth) or neonatal (newborn) development of the nervous system, based on eithergenetics or other influences.

  neurodevelopmental hypothesis
• (“angel dust”), a drug that inhibits the NMDA glutamate receptors

  phencyclidine (PCP)
• in two chemical families:

  phenothiazines
• The first four items on the list—delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior—are called positive symptoms (behaviors that are present that should be absent).

  positive symptoms
• someone must have deteriorated in everyday functioning (work, interpersonal relations, self care, etc.) for at least 6 months

  schizophrenia
• the tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly (5% to 8%) greater probability of developing schizophrenia than people born at other times of the year.


  season-of-birth effect
• or atypical antipsychotics, alleviate schizophrenia without producing movement problems

  second-generation antipsychotics
• characterized by hallucinations and delusions, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

  substance-induced psychotic disorder
• The effect on the basal ganglia produces _________________, characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements that develop gradually and to varying degrees among different patient. 

  tardive dyskinesia