Personality: trait models

• What is the main focus of the trait approach to personality?

  It categorizes individuals based on traits.
• What are personality traits?

  Dimensions used to categorize individual characteristics.
• Who are the key theorists associated with trait theories in psychology?

  Sheldon, Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, Costa, McCrae.
• What are the learning outcomes of the lecture on personality trait models?

  • Describe the trait approach to personality.
  • Define personality traits.
  • Discuss development and support for trait theories.
• What is the key reading for this lecture?

  Chapter 7 in Maltby, Day, and Macaskill.
• What does Jung's theory of personality include?

  • Ego
  • Personal unconscious
  • Collective unconscious
  • Archetypes
• What personality types did Jung propose?

  Introversion and extroversion.
• What did the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) add to Jung's theory?

  Judging and perceiving functions.
• What is the purpose of the MBTI?

  To indicate psychological preferences in perception.
• How does the MBTI assess personality?

  Through an introspective self-report questionnaire.
• What is the Barnum Effect in personality assessment?

  Endorsing vague descriptions as personally relevant.
• What are the two strands of personality theorizing?

  • Clinical strand: Based on case studies.
  • Individual differences strand: Uses research and statistics.
• Who is considered the founder of modern psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt.
• What did Wundt change about personality categorization?

  From categories to trait dimensions.
• What two dimensions did Wundt classify personality by?

  Mood stability and strength of emotions.
• How is a trait defined according to Burger (1997)?

  A dimension of personality categorizing individuals.
• What are the two assumptions underlying trait theory?

  Traits are stable over time and across situations.
• How do personality traits influence behavior?

  They categorize how individuals typically act.
• What are the three types of personality traits according to Allport?

  1. Cardinal traits: Dominant traits influencing behavior.
  2. Central traits: 5-10 traits describing personality.
  3. Secondary traits: Preferences apparent in specific situations.
• Who was the first psychologist to produce a list of personality traits?

  Gordon Allport.
• What did Cattell aim to discover in personality psychology?

  The basic structure of personality using empirical methods.
• What are Cattell's three types of traits?

  Ability, temperament, and dynamic traits.
• What are Cattell's dynamic traits?

  • Attitudes: Interests in specific situations.
  • Sentiments: Complex attitudes influencing feelings.
  • Ergs: Innate motivators and drives.
• What is the difference between common and unique traits according to Cattell?

  Common traits are shared; unique traits are individual.
• What are surface traits and source traits?

  Surface traits are observable; source traits are underlying.
• How many major source factors did Cattell identify?

  16 major source factors.
• What are the key traits identified by Cattell in the 16PF questionnaire?

  1. Outgoing–Reserved
  2. Intelligence
  3. Stable–Emotional
  4. Assertive–Humble
  5. Happy-go-lucky–Sober
  6. Conscientious–Expedient
  7. Venturesome–Shy
  8. Tender-minded–Tough-minded
  9. Suspicious–Trusting
  10. Imaginative–Practical
  11. Shrewd–Forthright
  12. Apprehensive–Placid
  13. Experimenting–Conservative
  14. Self-sufficiency–Group-tied
  15. Controlled–Casual
  16. Tense–Relaxed
• Who was Hans Eysenck?

  A German psychologist and author.
• What was Eysenck's goal in personality psychology?

  To identify and measure main personality dimensions.
• What did Eysenck stress about different schools of psychology?

  They needed to be integrated for better understanding.
• What is Factor Q3 in Eysenck's model?

  Controlled–Casual (High self-concept–Low integration)
• What is Factor Q4 in Eysenck's model?

  Tense–Relaxed (High ergic tension–Low ergic tension)
• How are traits ranked in Eysenck's model?

  In terms of their importance in predicting behaviour
• Who was Hans Eysenck?

  A German Psychologist (1916-1997)
• What did Eysenck publish during his career?

  ~ 45 books and hundreds of papers
• What journal did Eysenck found?

  Personality and Individual Differences
• What two schools of psychology did Eysenck recognize?

  Theory development without empirical evidence and experimental psychologists
• What was Eysenck's goal in psychology?

  To identify and measure main dimensions of personality
• How did Eysenck define personality?

  As the organization of character, temperament, intelligence, physique, and nervous system
• What are traits according to Eysenck?

  Relatively stable, long-lasting characteristics of individuals