History and theories of intelligence 2

• Who is widely seen as the godfather of artificial intelligence?

  Geoffrey Hinton
• Why did Geoffrey Hinton resign from Google?

  He warned about dangers of AI developments
• What did Hinton say about AI chatbots?

  Some dangers are "quite scary"
• What does Hinton believe about AI's intelligence compared to humans?

  AI is not more intelligent than humans yet
• What does Hinton predict about AI's progress?

  It will improve quite fast
• What are the main topics covered in the lecture overview on intelligence?

  • Different ideas of intelligence
  • Implicit vs. explicit theories
  • Intelligence across cultures
  • Intelligence across the lifespan
  • Multifactor theorists: Thurstone, Cattell, Guilford
  • Hierarchical theorists: Vernon, Carroll
  • Gardner’s multiple intelligences
  • Sternberg's triarchic model
• Who proposed the Binet-Simon intelligence test?

  Alfred Binet
• What did Terman contribute to intelligence testing?

  Developed the Stanford-Binet test
• What was Yerkes' contribution to intelligence testing?

  Speedy tests for soldiers
• What is the focus of Charles Spearman's work?

  Factor analysis and general intelligence (g)
• What is the Weschler-Bellevue scale used for?

  Measuring intelligence in adults
• What is Raven’s progressive matrices designed to assess?

  Non-verbal abstract reasoning
• What are the key debates surrounding intelligence?

  • Is intelligence fixed or inherited?
  • Is intelligence incremental and changeable?
  • Is intelligence a unified concept?
• What are explicit theories of intelligence?

  Theories devised by experts through tests
• What are implicit theories of intelligence?

  Everyday ideas about intelligence held by people
• What is the entity theory of intelligence?

  Intelligence is a fixed, stable quality
• What is the incremental theory of intelligence?

  Intelligence can be changed through effort
• What did Rickert, Meras, and Witkow (2014) find about entity theory?

  It was linked to self-handicapping behaviors
• What are the four reasons for implicit theories of intelligence according to Sternberg (2001)?

  1. Important to everyday life
  2. Can generate formal theories
  3. Investigated if explicit theory is wrong
  4. Inform theoretical constructs
• What were the three dimensions of intelligence identified by Sternberg et al. (1981)?

  1. Practical problem-solving
  2. Verbal ability
  3. Social competence
• What six aspects of intelligence emerged from Sternberg's study of intelligent behaviors?

  1. Practical problem-solving ability
  2. Verbal ability
  3. Intellectual balance and integration
  4. Goal orientation and attainment
  5. Contextual intelligence
  6. Fluid thought
• How do implicit theories of intelligence differ across cultures?

  • Western cultures emphasize individualism
  • Eastern cultures include social aspects
  • African & Asian cultures focus on harmony
• What did Yang and Sternberg (1997) find about Taiwanese conceptions of intelligence?

  They emphasize practical aspects of intelligence
• What was the outcome of the cross-cultural study by Bråten, Lien, and Nietfield (2017)?

  No significant difference between conditions
• What changes have occurred in theories of intelligence over time?

  • Inclusion of non-cognitive factors
  • Development of multiple intelligences theory
  • Emergence of emotional intelligence concepts
• What is the core debate regarding intelligence in the summary section?

  Fixed vs. incremental intelligence
• What has changed in theories of intelligence over time?

  They have widened to include non-cognitive factors
• What does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences emphasize?

  It includes various non-cognitive factors
• How do Western and Korean concepts of intelligence compare over time?

  They might be converging according to Lim et al.
• What does individual intelligence do over time?

  It changes across the lifespan
• What are the two types of intelligence theories discussed?

  • Implicit theory of intelligence (everyone)
  • Explicit theory of intelligence (professionals)
• What is the core of the nature vs. nurture debate in intelligence?

  Fixed vs. incremental intelligence
• What did Spearman's factor analysis reveal about intelligence?

  It identified a general intelligence factor, g
• Who proposed the first multi-factor theory of intelligence?

  Louis Thurstone
• How did Thurstone view Spearman's concept of g?

  As correlates of intelligence, not a central factor
• What are Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities?

  1. Word fluency
  2. Verbal comprehension
  3. Number
  4. Spatial visualization
  5. Associative memory
  6. Perceptual speed
  7. Reasoning
• What did Raymond Cattell contribute to intelligence theory?

  Fluid and crystallized intelligence concepts
• What is fluid intelligence (Gf)?

  Capacity to reason and solve problems
• What is crystallized intelligence (Gc)?

  Knowledge acquired from experience and interaction
• What did J. P. Guilford believe about intelligence?

  It is too complicated to be one factor