Social influence

• Identify the type of experiment used for Experiment 1 of Bickman’s (1974) study into obedience.


  Field
• Identify one of the independent variables in Experiment 1 of Bickman’s (1974) study

  dress of the experimenter giving orders
• Identify the situation which had the lowest rates of obedience in Experiment 1 of Bickman’s (1974) study


  moving to the other side of a bus stop
• Using an example, explain what is meant by deindividuation.

  Deindividuation can result from being part of a larger group where a person loses their sense of identity. For example, mob behaviour can result from no one feeling personally responsible for their actions
• How many people were interviewed in Tottenham?

  30
• How long was the split between people?

  18 years
• Identify where Bickman’s (1974) first experiment in the study into obedience and the social power of a uniform took place.

  New York
• Identify the sampling method Bickman (1974) used in his first experiment.

   

  Opportunity
• Identify the correct uniforms worn by the experimenters in Bickman’s (1974) first experiment.  

  Civilian, milkman, policeman
• Describe one way culture may influence pro-social behaviour.

  If you come from a collectivist culture, you may be more likely to help your parents than if you come from an individualistic culture
• Sub-group of Rioters as described in the NatCen (2011) study

  Thrill-seekers
• Tug factor in the NatCen (2011) study.

  Relatives not approving
• Explain how morality can affect anti-social behaviour.

  morality refers to what we believe is right or wrong, people in stage two of moral development are often more anti-social than those in higher stages
• Outline how brain differences may affect anti-social behaviour.

  damage to the pre-frontal cortex is linked with faulty moral reasoning which would increase the likelihood of anti-social behaviour
• The type of personality associated with high levels of obedience.

  Authoritarian
• Identify the dispositional factor that can affect crowd behaviour.

  Locus of control
• According to neuropsychology, identify which of the following would explain why people with high self-esteem are unlikely to conform.

  volume of the hypothalamus
• Evaluate the effect of dispositional factors on behaviour.


  People’s disposition is relatively fixed but evidence shows behaviours can change with the situation
• Name the method used in Bickman study

  Field experiment
• Give one control used in Bickmans Study

  similar characteristics of confederate
• Explain how conformity and obedience are different.

  obedience can occur between just two people but conformity happens in groups, obedience tends to be a more conscious process than conformity
• Identify the research method used to gather data in the NatCen (2011) study.

  Interview
• Identify the category of participants that included ‘wannabes’ according to the NatCen (2011) study.

  Non-involved
• Suggest three criticisms of the NatCen (2011) study into the August riots in England.

  sample was too small

  sample was biased

  social desirability bias
• What are the two types of experiments

  -lab

  -field
• Give one way obedience was measured in Bickmans study


  whether passers-by picked up litter or not
• Identify one way that standardisation was used in Bickmans study

  using same confederate
• Bickman (1974) only used males to dress up in uniforms. Explain why this is a weakness of the study.

  this is gender biased as it does not reflect the idea that women can be in authority too
• Conformity


  yielding to group pressure- individual follows norms in their group even it they don’t agree with them in order to fit in
• crowd behaviour


  refers to a group of people who have come together for a common purpose . people lose identity in a crowd
• collective behaviour


  -behaviour of two or more individuals acting together- person has lost their sense of self control part of a greater power/influence
• normative social influence


  -happens when you want to be liked by the majority group
• informative social influence

   

  happens when we look to the majority influence as we are unsure in which way to behave and look for the right answer
• pro social

  actions which benefit society.
• Anti social


  actions which go against society
• Obedience

  following orders from someone who has more authority
•  

  Situation factors


  factors outside the individual and in their environment which influence now they act
• Describe how majority influence could be used to promote social change in relation to mental health stigma.

  charities try to reduce the stigma of mental illness by raising awareness and normalising mental health. For example, one nationwide campaign called Time for Change, encourage schools or workplaces to devote one day to mental health where talking about it openly helps to change attitudes towards mental health
• Explain how self-esteem can have an effect on conformity.

  Self-esteem negatively correlates with rates of conformity. This is because individuals with high self-esteem value themselves enough to value their own viewpoint so even when the majority disagree with them they are confident enough to ‘stand their ground. For individuals with low self esteem it is easy to feel better about themselves by simply following what others do and fitting in
• Explain how one other dispositional factor can have an effect on social behaviour.

  Some individuals are raised in such a way that they end up with an authoritarian personality which makes them more obedient. Their upbringing is usually harsh and strict. This means that they come to resent their parents and this is displaced onto others they see as beneath them while, at the same time, they feel they ought to ‘bow down’ to authority themselves