sts

• Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz: 'HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY'
• Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within belief systems
• Paradigm shift

  A concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn was an American physicist, historian, and philosopher of science
• Science is not moved by a rational process but more by a social unity according to Kuhn
• "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is a book about the history of science by Thomas S. Kuhn
• In the Kuhn Cycle, science advances through revolutionary explosions of new knowledge triggered by the introduction of new paradigms
• Paradigm shift


  A fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline
• Paradigm shift


  A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions
• Paradigm shifts are important within philosophy of science and education
• Scientists go through a crisis and transition to a new paradigm in scientific revolutions
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn's book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" was influential in academic and popular circles
• The Kuhn Cycle is a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in his seminal work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
• Steps of the Kuhn Cycle

  1. Pre-Science

  2. Normal Science

  3. Model Drift

  4. Model Crisis
• Stages of Paradigm Change

  • Also called a paradigm shift
  • The new paradigm is taught to newcomers to the field, as well as to those already in it
  • When the new paradigm becomes the generally accepted guide to one's work, the step is complete
  • The field is now back to the Normal Science step and a Kuhn Cycle is complete
• Historical Examples of Paradigm Shifts

  • Society/Ethics
  • Natural Sciences
  • Human Sciences
  • The Arts
• Role of Children in Society

  From child labor being acceptable to now not being acceptable
• Stages of Model Crisis

  • The most important step of them all in the Kuhn Cycle
  • The Model Drift becomes so excessive the model is broken and can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving
  • Attempts to patch the model up to make it work fail
  • The field is in anguish
• Darwin’s theory of evolution


  Changed the understanding of evolution in the natural sciences
• Reading and the Control over information

  Invention of the printing press (& other major inventions) allowed for the elites' control over reading/writing to end
• Economics


  Government intervention in the economy is now accepted
• Shakespeare's impact on drama/theater


  Revolutionized drama/theater in the arts
• Albert Einstein’s space-time


  Not fixed or objective—subject to observer’s state of motion relative to other objects
• Slavery

  From being acceptable to now being unacceptable
• The Reformation


  Broke the monopoly of the Catholic Church and changed Christian's "relationship" with God
• Stages of Model Revolution

  • Begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge
  • The new model is so radically different from the old one
• Male Superiority


  From beating wives being acceptable to now not being acceptable
• Plate Tectonics


  Created a physical model of the Earth's structure
• Psychology: Sigmund Freud


  Changed the understanding of human behavior in the human sciences
• The Realist paradigm


  Changed the purpose of art to copy reality in the arts
• Jazz & rock revolutionizing music


  Changed the music industry in the arts
• Scientific Revolution


  Ideas generated during this period enabled people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life
• Tycho Brahe


  Provided evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric theory by observing and mapping stars and planets
• Rise of the Scientific Community


  Developed modern scientific method, universe ordered by natural laws, scientific laws discovered by human reason, deity or god removed from study of the universe, mechanical views of the universe, deistic view of God
• Charles Darwin


  Famous for theory of evolution, presented evidence on species evolution and traits, all organic life under evolutionary thinking
• Scientific Revolution


  Creation of new research fields in science and establishment of a strong foundation for modern science
• Scientific Revolution


  Period of enlightenment when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed society's views about nature
• Nicolaus Copernicus' model


  Sun as the centerpiece of the universe, two kinds of planetary motion
• Sir Francis Bacon contributed to the rise of the Scientific Community
• Sigmund Freud


  Famous in psychology, developed psychoanalysis method focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man, effective in understanding neurological conditions