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• Majority of surviving Indian kingdom architecture is religious, with many examples of rock-cut architecture, carved out of solid natural rock, practiced by all three big religions
• Mortal remains of Buddha were placed in a grave within relic mounds known as stupas with relief sculptures showing the life of Buddha as decorations
• The stupa is the most distinctive type of Buddhist architecture, housing the tomb and/or relics of a holy person, with a large dome supported by corbelled stones and a vertical ornament to crown the dome
• Symbols used in India to recognize deities

  • Fire symbolizing harm, purging power like Agni, Lord of Fire
  • Drums representing prime substance from which all creation came
  • Snakes depicting renewal and abundance; positive and no connection with evil
• Ganesha, the son of Shiva and Parvati, has an elephantine countenance with a curved trunk, big ears, and a huge pot-bellied body of a human being
• The Taj Mahal, a mausoleum made of white marble, is considered the masterpiece of Indo-Islamic architecture, with smaller flanking towers made of red sandstone
• Two major religions established in India during the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.

  • Buddhism
  • Hinduism
• Prince Siddhartha is famously acknowledged as Buddha, meaning “Enlightened One”
• Indian art is described as the most “sensuous” and “erotic” with images about sexuality, focusing on abstracted human shapes to teach about Hindu, Buddhist, or Jain faiths
• Diwali is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year, symbolizing the victory of light
• Shiva's Gesture: Upper right-hand holds Damaru, upper left hand holds agni, lower right-hand shows the Abhaya, raised left leg exhibits the gaja hasta, and Prahamandala surrounds Shiva
• During special events such as weddings, temple rituals, and festivals, women create more intricate Rangoli patterns
• The Deeppavali or Diwali is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year. It is one of the biggest and brightest festivals in India. The festival connotes the victory of light over darkness
• Manuscript painting was done on palm leaves until the Islamic period, which made for uncomfortable painting surfaces
• The three dots tattoo represents "mi vida loca" or "my crazy life," commonly found in the gang lifestyle, typically on the hands or around the eyes
• Kathak is known as one of the eight forms of Indian dance
• Manuscript painting is a relatively new medium in South Asia, dating back to the last centuries of the Indian kingdom era, flourishing during the Islamic period due to the availability of paper
• Question: When you are given the opportunity to get a tattoo, which part of the body and why or why not?
• Creating Rangoli patterns

  Drawn on the surface by connecting plain dots or lines
• Mehndi comes from the Sanskrit word connoting the plant, Henna. It is a paste bought in a cone-shaped tube, originally used for men but now more common for women. It symbolizes the outer and inner sun
• Indian Arts

  • The Deeppavali or Diwali
• Meanings of Mehndi designs

  • Bird - Beauty
  • Butterflies - Transformation
  • Flowers - Joy and Happiness
  • Sun, Moon, and Stars - Deep and Lasting love between partners
  • Paisleys - Fertility and good luck
• Names of Rangoli in India

  • Kolam
  • Alpana
  • Muggulu
  • Rangavalli
• Kathak originates from the nomadic bards of ancient northern India, known as Kathakars or storytellers. It is influenced by Persian and Central Asian dances imported during the Mughal Era
• Materials used in Rangoli patterns

  • Rice flour
  • Chalk
  • Fine quartz powder
  • Flower petals
  • Seeds
  • Other natural materials dyed with vegetable dyes
• In Christianity, the symbol of three dots arranged in a triangular pattern can represent the Holy Trinity - the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, also known as a triquetra
• Meanings of Mehndi designs on different body parts

  • Palm - Invokes images of opening and offering
  • Back of Hand - Acts as a shield, symbolizing protection
  • Right Hand - Male, Projective
  • Left Hand - Female, Receptive
  • Feet - Recognized as a point of divine contract
• Women create Rangoli patterns expecting peace, health, good luck, and happiness
• Manuscript painting was done on palm leaves until paper became widely available in South Asia during the Islamic period
• Present centuries of arts in Central Asia were mostly influenced by Islamic art
• Common items in Kyrgyzstan

  • Shyrdak (felt rugs with appliqued colored panels)
  • ala-kiyiz (pressed wool designs)
  • tush-kiyiz (cotton or silk wall carpets)
  • Kyrgyz-embroidered felt carpets with traditional Turkmen designs
  • Kyrgyz leather saddles
  • Silver jewelry
• Various art styles in West Asia can be referred to as "Islamic Art"
• West Asia is the birthplace of arts produced in areas where Islam is the prevalent culture
• The art form truly flourished

  800
• Common folk art items in Central Asia

  • Clothes
  • Woven bags
  • Rugs
  • Ornate silver bridles
  • Stringed instruments
  • Carpets
• Arabesque pattern


  • Commonly used by Islamic artists, uses leaves and flowers, found in wooden carvings, textiles, stone reliefs on buildings, and decorated books
• Islamic Art


  • Many depictions have a lot in common in terms of material and visual features
• Cultural ideas and art styles influencing arts in West Asia

  • Islam
  • Buddhism
  • Hellenistic architecture
  • Buddhist sculpture
  • chinoiserie (in Persian art)
  • ceramic-tile decoration
• Art of China, Persia, and Greece, including the animal style of nomadic people, influenced earlier cultures in Central Asia
• Shyrdak carpets


  • Historically among a Kyrgyz family's most valued possessions, essential part of a girl's dowry, stitching increases longevity, around 1.5 meters by 3 meters in height