global system and governance

• Globalisation


  The process of becoming more globally connected on a variety of scales, involving the movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods, and money across national borders, leading to a 'borderless world'
• Globalisation influencing our lives

  • We buy products made in other countries, talk to people across the globe on social media, embrace other countries' cultures such as their music or food
• Even our environments are globalised as pollutants from other countries can affect our climate
• Laws and regulations are put in place by intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) that affect what we can do to our environment
• In the 21st Century, our societies are globalised societies; almost everyone in the world is influenced by other countries and people
• Without globalisation, there would be no interaction or influences from other countries
• Globalisation is needed for societies to thrive as the things shared with other countries allow societies to develop
• Flows in globalisation


  Things flowing (moving) from one country to another, can be physical like people or products, but also ideas and concepts such as money (capital), services, or information
• Dimensions of Globalisation

  • Capital
  • Labour
  • Products
  • Services
  • Information
• Capital flows


  Movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade, or business production
• Labour flows


  Movement of people who move to work in another country
• Products flows


  Movement of physical goods from one country to another
• Services flows

  'Footloose' industries that can locate anywhere without constraints from resources or other obstacles, can be produced in a different country to where they are received
• Information flows

  Any type of information can flow from one place to another via the internet, SMS, phone calls etc., for example, international news
• Major capital flows

  • Core regions
  • Periphery regions
  • The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • The World Bank
• Capital flows also occur within core regions, with huge capital flows passing through major stock markets
• The World Bank is a group of global institutions that give out loans for development or relief
• Capital flows occur


  • Within core regions
  • Through major stock markets in megacities
  • In the EU due to absence of barriers
• Labour flows

  1. Essentially migration

  2. Different types of migration

  3. Recognizing migration for contributing to the country's workforce
• Types of migration

  • Economic migrants
  • Refugees
  • Asylum seekers
• Economic migrants are people who have moved voluntarily for reasons of work and improved quality of life
• Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes and travel to another country due to fleeing conflict, political or religious persecution. They have been granted permanent or temporary residency by the host country or the UN refugee agency (UNHCR)
• Asylum seekers are people who have left their country and are seeking asylum in another. They are waiting to be granted residency and to become a refugee
• International labour flows are flows from one country to another country. Today, 3-4% of the world's population are international migrants
• The majority of international migration is migration to a high-income country. 14.1% of high-income country populations are made up of international migrants, whereas only 1.6% of low-income country populations are made up of international migrants
• Major labour flows within continents

  • Asia
  • Europe
  • Africa
• Major labour flows between continents

  • Latin America and Caribbean to North America
• Major labour flows within Asia

  • 63 million people moved to a different area of Asia while living in Asia in 2017
• Major labour flows within Europe

  • 41 million moved to other areas within Europe in 2017
• Major labour flows within Africa

  • 19 million people move within African countries
• Major labour flows between Latin America and Caribbean to North America

  • 26 million emigrated from Latin America and the Caribbean to North America in 2017
• Source: 'www.pmt.education'
• Migrant populations

  • Latin America: 22 million
  • Caribbean: 4 million
• States with highest Latin America migrant populations

  • California (5.4 million)
  • Texas (3 million)
  • Florida (nearly 3 million)
• Majority of Latin America emigration

  • Mexico: 11.5 million people
• States with highest Caribbean migrant populations

  • Florida (1.6 million)
  • New York (1 million)
• Majority of Caribbean migrants in North America

  • Cuba: nearly 1.2 million
• Asian migrants to Europe

  • 20 million
• European countries with highest number of Asian migrants

  • Germany, England, France, Spain
• Asian migrants in Germany

  • Over 1 million from Kazakhstan
  • Over 250,000 from Iran and Iraq