evolution

• The theory of evolution is based on the principle that all living things are related by common descent.
• Evolution

  1. Differences in genes and environment lead to huge variation between individuals

  2. Over time, this can lead to the evolution of new species by natural selection
• Variation in a population is called phenotypic variation
• Phenotype


  Describes the observable characteristics of an individual due to the interaction of genes and environment
• Genes


  Code for proteins and a genome, which is all of an individual's genes combined, codes for an entire organism
• Everyone in the world has a unique genome, leading to slightly different combinations of proteins and different appearances
• Appearance and function are influenced by genes and environment

  Genes and environment both play a role in how individuals look and function
• Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of genes and environment
• Most traits are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors
• Genetic variation is due to mutations, which are changes in the DNA code
• Most mutations do not affect proteins or the organism's phenotype
• In cases where mutations change proteins, the phenotype may change slightly
• Beneficial mutations can make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce
• Charles Darwin noticed that the fittest individuals are more likely to survive and pass on their genes
• Darwin's concept of natural selection describes how certain traits are passed on and how the most useful traits are selected
• Evolution is the inheritance of certain characteristics in a population over multiple generations, leading to changes in the species
• All current species must have evolved from different species in the past
• The theory of evolution by natural selection implies that all living species evolved from simple life forms over 3 billion years ago
• Darwin's theory of evolution took a long time to be accepted but has been proven multiple times through various examples
• Evolution occurs through natural selection of genetic changes that give rise to beneficial phenotypes
• Given enough time, populations may diverge so much that they can no longer interbreed, leading to the formation of new species
• Evolution

  1. Differences in genes and environment lead to huge variation between individuals

  2. Over time, this can lead to the evolution of new species through natural selection
• Variation in a population is called phenotypic variation
• Phenotype


  Describes the observable characteristics of an individual due to the interaction of genes and environment
• Genes


  Code for proteins and a genome, which is all of an individual's genes combined, codes for an entire organism
• Everyone in the world has a unique genome, leading to different combinations of proteins and unique appearances
• Environment influences appearance and function


  For example, diet, sleep, and sun exposure can affect height and skin color
• Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of genes and environment
• Most traits are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors
• Mutations are changes in the DNA code that can lead to different proteins being produced
• Beneficial mutations can make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce
• Charles Darwin: 'Survival of the fittest'
• Natural selection favors individuals with beneficial traits for survival and reproduction
• Evolution describes how certain characteristics are inherited over generations, leading to changes in species
• All current species must have evolved from different species in the past
• The theory of evolution by natural selection implies that all living species evolved from simple life forms over 3 billion years ago
• Darwin's theory of evolution took a long time to be accepted but has been proven multiple times through various examples such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria and fossil records
• Evolution occurs through natural selection of genetic changes that give rise to phenotypes best suited to the environment
• Given enough time, populations may diverge so much that they can no longer interbreed, leading to the formation of new species
• Gene


  A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein