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• Relationship between public and private sector


  • The most significant difference between the private and public sectors is the ownership of the organizations within them.
  • In the public sector, organizations are owned and controlled by the government.
  • Meanwhile, the organizations within the private sector are owned and managed by individuals or private companies
• Health care providers


  • Health care can be provided through public and private providers.
  • Public health care is usually provided by the government through national healthcare systems.
  • Private health care can be provided through "for-profit" hospitals and self-employed practitioners
• Health facilities

  • Hospitals
  • Clinics
  • Outpatient care centers
  • Specialized care centers such as birthing centers and psychiatric care centers
• Main types of healthcare service facilities

  • Medical Laboratory
  • Hospital
  • Surgical Center
  • Doctor's Polyclinics
  • Doctor Consultation Clinic
  • Nursing Home
• Types of healthcare services

  • Emergency
  • Preventative
  • Rehabilitative
  • Long-term
  • Hospital
  • Diagnostic
  • Primary
  • Palliative
  • Home care
• Sectors governing health care system

  • The Philippine health system is a dual health system composed of the public and private sectors.
  • Health services in the public sector are provided by health facilities run by the National and local governments and are largely financed through a tax-based budgeting system.
  • The private sector is largely market-oriented, where health services are generally paid for through user fees at the point of service, though the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) also purchases services from both the public and private sectors.
  • With the enactment of the Local Government Code of 1991, a decentralized system was organized, wherein LGUs have full autonomy to finance and operate the local health systems.
  • As mandated by law, provincial governments are tasked with providing prima
• Sectors involved in the health system

  • Public
  • Private
• The Local Government Code was enacted

  1991
• Decentralized system organization

  LGUs have full autonomy to finance and operate the local health systems
• Responsibilities of provincial governments


  Providing primary and secondary hospital care
• Responsibilities of city and municipal governments


  Providing primary health care, promotive and preventive health programs, basic ambulatory clinical care
• Responsibilities of DOH

  Laying down national policies and plans, developing technical standards, enforcing health regulations, monitoring, evaluating, and delivering tertiary and specialized hospital services
• Provision of compulsory social health insurance scheme


  Largely through PhilHealth, implementing the National Health Insurance Program
• Role of PhilHealth

  Purchasing health services on behalf of its members, determining and assessing member needs, accrediting health facilities and service providers, ascertaining service costs, negotiating prices, and paying providers through various schemes like case-based payment, fee for service, and capitation
• Regulation of the health sector

  Carried out by several national government agencies
• Health facilities regulated by DOH

  • Hospitals, clinical laboratories, infirmaries, specialized outpatient facilities like dialysis clinics, ambulatory surgical clinics, in vitro fertilization centers, stem cell facilities, oncology clinics, medical facilities for overseas workers and seafarers
• Regulation of health facilities


  By DOH through the Health Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau (HFSRB)
• Health products regulated by DOH

  • Pharmaceuticals, traditional medicines, medical devices, food supplements, processed foods, cosmetics, household hazardous substances
• Regulation of health products

  By DOH through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Responsibilities of Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)


  Registration and licensing of all professionals in the Philippines, including doctors
• Health professionals


  • Nurses
  • Midwives
  • Dentists
  • Pharmacists
  • Medical technologists and other allied health professionals
• The Commission on Higher Education regulates both public and private institutions of higher learning which covers colleges and universities offering medical and other professional health degrees
• The Insurance Commission (IC) regulates private health insurance companies and oversees the financial viability of health maintenance organizations
• The Philippine health system formally evolved

  Spanish colonial period
• The first hospital was built in Cebu in 1565 and later transferred to Manila to cater to the needs of the Spanish army and navy
• In 1578, the influential Spanish clergy established the first medical institutions, some of which remain operational today
• Smallpox vaccine was introduced in the country by Spanish royal decree in the 1800s to prevent and control outbreaks of the disease
• Several public health measures were introduced to control cholera outbreaks and beriberi during the Spanish colonial period
• During almost 400 years of colonization, the Spaniards built medical facilities in various parts of the archipelago
• A bloody revolution brought an end to Spanish colonial rule, with Filipinos declaring independence on 12 June 1898

  The Philippine Revolution and American colonial period
• The Americans took over the reins of government and constituted the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands on July 1, 1901
• The Department of Health and Public Welfare was organized on May 31, 1939 under President Manuel L. Quezon


  The Philippine Commonwealth and establishment of the Republic
• Health facilities and sanitation services expanded during the Commonwealth era but fell into disarray with the start of World War II
• Incidents of TB, malaria, malnutrition, and other diseases increased during World War II
• With the liberation of the country from the Japanese and the establishment of the Republic, the new government started rebuilding from the ashes of war
• October 4, 1947, through Executive Order No. 94, the DOH was established with supervision over various health offices in the country


  Establishment of the Department of Health
• The Rural Health Act of 1954 transformed Puriculture centers to RHUs and health centers, establishing a national network of public health facilities at the community level
• By the 1960s, more public and private health facilities were organized and established
• Establishment of a national network of public health facilities at the community level

  Organized in all cities and municipalities by transforming the Puriculture centers to RHUs and health centers
• By the 1960s, marked improvements in patient care and public health services were noted with the organization of more public and private health facilities and the establishment of more schools for the medical, nursing, and allied health professions in the country