Blood and Bone Marrow

• SERUM

  • Clear yellow fluid WITHOUT fibrinogen & clotting factors
• HEMATOCRIT

  • Volume of Packed RBC / unit volume of blood
  • 40 – 50% (male), 35 – 45% (female)
• Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)

  • Instead of seeing whole cells dried down on the glass, after the smear is made, it is air-dried and then stained. Common stains are Wright's stain and Giemsa stain.
  • It includes two or more dye: basic dye (often methylene blue) acidic dye (usually eosin)
  • Reddish-blue azures are formed when methylene blue is oxidized.
  • Cells usually stain pink/red with acidic dye
  • nuclei stain purple/black with a basic dye
  • specific granules stain characteristically
• Blood Formed elements

  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC), Platelets (thrombocytes), Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBC)
• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBC)

  • Anucleated few organelles
  • Shape: biconcave disc; deviation shape: poikilocytosis,
  • Size: 7.5 - 8 um; deviation size anisocytosis
  • Increase in number – erythrocytosis
  • Decrease in number - erythrocytopenia
  • -------
  • RBC count - N. V. 4.5 – 5.5 mil/mm^3
  • Hemoglobin - 12 – 15 gms
  • Life span – 120 days, Rouleaux formation
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBC)

  • Mononucleated
  • The average number 5,000 – 10,000/mm3
  • An increase over the normal values (>10,000) is leukocytosis
  • A decrease (<5000) is leucopenia
  • Leukemia – increased in immature cells
• NEUTROPHIL (White Blood Cells - WBC)

  • Azurophilic /Primary granules: Myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and defensins
• NEUTROPHIL (PMN) (White Blood Cells - WBC)

  • Specific / Secondary granules: Collagenases, and Phagolysosomes
• Types of white blood cells

  • Leukocytes
  • Neutrophil (PMN)
  • Eosinophil (EOS)
  • Basophil (BASO)
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
• Leukopenia

  Condition where there is a decrease in white blood cells
• Leukemia

  Increased in immature cells
• Granules in white blood cells

  Azurophilic/Primary granules, Specific/Secondary granules
• Neutrophil (PMN)

  Azurophilic/Primary Granules:

  1. Myeloperoxidase
  2. Lysozyme
  3. Defensins

  • Acid hydrolase
  • Elastase

  Specific/Secondary Granules:

  1. Collagenases
  2. Phagolysosomes

  • Type IV collagenase (aids migration)
  • Lactoferrin (sequesters iron)
  • Phospholipase A2 (leukotriene synthesis)
  • Lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall)
• Eosinophil (EOS)

  
  

  Azurophilic/Primary granules

  - Myeloperoxidase

  - Lysozyme

  - Defensins

  • Lysozyme
  • Acid hydrolase
  • myeloperoxidase
  • Elastase

  Specific/Secondary granules

  - MBP

  - Eosinophilic Peroxidase

  - Chemokines, Cytokines & lipid mediators

  • Major basic protein
  • Eosinophilic cationic protein
  • Neurotoxin
  • Histaminase
• Basophil (BASO)

  Azurophili/Primary Granules

  1. Myeloperoxidase
  2. Lysozyme
  3. Defensins

  • Acid hydrolase
  • Elastase

  Specific/Secondary Granules

  1. Heparin
  2. Histamine
  3. the Leukotriene

  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Eosinophil chemotactic factor
  • Phospholipids for the synthesis of leukotrienes, e.g., slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
  • Have surface receptors for IGE
• Lymphocytes

  • Types: B lymphocytes - CD4, T lymphocytes - CD 8 cell, NK cells - Natural Killer cells
• Monocytes

  • The precursor of mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue of nearly all organs
  • Largest of all leukocytes, large indented nucleus usually C-shaped, bluish-grey basophilic cytoplasm
• Thrombocytes (Platelets)

  • Anucleated
  • Disk-like cell fragments
  • Size: 2 – 5 um in diameter
  • N.V = 200,000 -400,000/ml
  • Light blue peripheral transparent zone – hyalomere
  • Central dense purple granules = granulomere
  • Liberate enzyme thromboplastin for blood coagulation
  • Seen in clumps
• Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)
• Complete Blood Count (CBC)
• FUNCTION OF BLOOD:

  • Distributing vehicle
  • regulate body temperature
  • maintain acid-base and osmotic balance
• Blood is a specialized connective tissue that is 8% of the total body weight (5L of blood in an average adult).
• Blood comprises plasma (a fluid matrix), red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (formed elements).
• Composition of Whole Blood:

  A) 55%

  B) water

  C) protein

  D) other solutes

  E) 44%

  F) <1%

  
• Plasma is composed of 92% water, 7% plasma proteins, 1% other solutes
• Plasma is composed of gases, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and inorganic salts --> Cl, Na, H2CO3 & Ca
• Functions of plasma:

  • Coagulation
  • Temperature regulation
  • Respiration
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • fluid balance
• A serum is a clear yellow fluid WITHOUT fibrinogen & clotting factors.
• Blood After double centrifugation:

  A) RBC

  B) WBC & platelets

  C) Plasma

  
• Blood Formed Elements:

  Granulocytes (with specific granules)

  1. Neutrophil (~60% of WBC)
  2. Eosinophil (~4% of WBC)
  3. Basophil (<1% of WBC)

  Agranulocytes (without specific granules)

  1. Lymphocyte (B-cell, T-cell) (~27% of WBC)
  2. Monocyte (~8% of WBC)
• Process of Peripheral Blood Smear:

  
• Rouleaux formation is the formation of a ring of DNA that is wrapped around a chromosome.
• Leukocytes:

  
• TABULAR SUMMARY OF LEUKOCYTES: