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Theories
English- Change
10 cards
Definitions
English- Change
18 cards
Cards (45)
Swearing
Swearing has had
semantic weakening
over time
-1936
:
first person
said "
@rse
" on
live radio
-1972
: the
Oxford Dictionary
includes "
Fck
" and "
Cnt
" for the
first time
1999- Channel 4
had used all
swear words
in
entertainment programmes
Verbs
over time
the
past
tense of verbs has changed a lot-
irregular
verbs have changed
particularly.
(i.e. "
spake
" is now "
spoke
")
Adjectives
over time
some
changes in
comparative
and
superlative adjectives
can be seen (some though are
errors
).
(i.e. "
properest
" means the most
proper
, now we would say "the most
proper
")
Nouns
over time
-until
18th century
, nouns were
capitalised
- there was
less
use of the
definite
article (i.e. "
Russian
"
isntead
of "the
Russian
")
Syntax
over time
-since
1700s
, sentences have become
shorter
and
less complicated
-sentences contain far
fewer subordinate clauses
now.
Contractions
over time
-common
in early 18th century
-18th century writers thought that they were
inelegant
-uncommon
in 19th century
- second half of 20th century; contractions came back into
fashio
in
informal settings.
Double Negatives
over time
-Robert Lowth
used
mathematical logic
to argue that
double negatives
were not acceptable
- therefore,
18th century writers
did not use them
- today,
double negatives
are
debated
but used more in
spontaneous spoken speech.
Changes in
Word Function
nouns
become
verbs
(i.e. "text", "email" and "google" were nouns)
adjectives
become
adverbs
(i.e. "I'm good" rather than "I'm well")
Newspaper Layout 1909
-Line spacing is very
dense
-text is
small
-no photos or illustrations
-all
black
and
white
Newspaper Layout 2009
-text is
less
dense
-range
of colour
-non-standard
typogrophy
-information
about what is inside of the paper
Magazine Layout 1700
-decorative illustrations
-title
-dense print
-black
and
white
Magazine Layout 2009
-glossy
photographs
-different
font types
-colours
The
Great Vowel Shift-
long
vowels
were established from
short vowels
; only in
spoken language
and took many
years
Features of Early Modern English
Shakespeare
coined around
1700
new words
European
Renaissance- a huge number of
Latin
,
French
and
Greek
words entered English; words were needed for new
concepts
like "
psychology
"
World Exploration-
brought new words from
African
,
Asian
and
New World languages
Influences of Latin
Latinate-
words originally from
Latin
, e.g.
colossal
,
dignified
,
emotion
Prefixes
and
Suffixes-
many come from
Latin origins
, e.g.
anti-
, post-,
-ic
,
-ate
Modern Developments
English
is now a world
language
of
communication
Electronic
Media, like
mobile phones
and the
internet
, have
radically
changed communication
a more
colloquial
and
casual
style of language reflects major
social
changes
Estuary
English has become
widespread
in the
UK
American
English is becoming the
default
Examples of the Influence of Other Languages
Anglo-Saxon
;
water
,
sad
,
dead
Norman French
;
change
,
morose
,
deceased
Latin
;
aquifer
,
transform
,
depressed
,
moribund
Greek
;
hydraulic
,
metamorphose
,
catatonic
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