Applied anatomy and physiology

• What type of reaction is the ATP/PC system?

  anaerobic
• what chemical is used in the ATP/PC system?

  phosphocreatine
• where does the ATP/PC system reaction take place?

  sarcoplasm
• what are the controlling enzymes in the ATP/PC system?

  creatine kinase
• what is the energy yield of the ATP/PC system?

  1 mole of atp
• what are the specific stages of the atp/pc system?

  • pc > p + c + energy (exothermic)
  • energy + ADP + P > ATP (endothermic)
• are any byproducts formed in the atp/pc system?

  no
• what intensity of activity is used in the atp/pc system?

  very high intensity
• what are strengths of the ATP/PC system?

  + no delay for oxygen

  + PC is readily available in muscle cells

  + simple and rapid breakdown of PC

  + provides energy quickly

  + no fatiguing byproducts
• what are weaknesses of the atp/pc system?

  — low atp yield and small pc stores lead to rapid fatigue after 8-10 seconds
• what by products are formed in the glycolytic system?

  lactic acid
• what intensity is the glycolytic system used in?

  high intensity
• what is the duration of the glycolytic system?

  up to 3 minutes
• What is the duration of the atp/pc system?

  2-10 seconds
• what are the strengths of the glycolytic system?

  no delay for oxygen

  large fuel stores in liver, bloodstream and muscles

  provides energy for high intensity activities for up to 3 minutes

  lactic acid can be recycled into fuel for further energy production
• what are the weaknesses of the glycolytic system ?

  fatiguing byproduct of lactic acid which reduces PH and enzyme activity

  relatively low atp ywild and recovery can be lengthy
• what type of reaction is the glycolytic system?

  anaerobic
• what chemical is used in the glycolytic system?


  glycogen and glucose
• where does the glycoltic system take place?

  sarcoplasm
• what are the controlling enzymes in the glycolytic system?


  glycogen phosphorylase GPP

  phosphofructokinase PFK

  lactate dehydrogenase LDH
• what is the energy yield of the glycolytic system?

  2 moles of ATP
• What are the specific stages of the glycolytic system ?

  — glucose undergoes anaerobic glycolysis

  — pyruvic acid without oxygen > lactic acid
• what are the equations involved in the glycolytic system ?

  C6H1206 > 2C3H606
• what type of reaction is the aerobic system ?

  aerobic
• what type of fuel does aerobic system use ?

  glycogen / glucose or fat
• where does the aerobic system take place ?

  stage 1= sarcoplasm

  stage 2= matrix

  stage 3 = cristae
• what are the controlling enzymes in the aerobic system?

  pfk

  acetyl coenzyme A
• what is the yield of the aerobic system ?

  38 moles of ATP
• what are the specific stages of the aerobic system?

  aerobic Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain.
• what are the energy equations of the aerobic system ?

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• what are the byproducts of the aerobic system ?

  CO2 + H2O
• What intensity of exercise activates the aerobic system?

  low-moderate / sub maximal exercise
• what is the duration of the aerobic system ?

  3 minutes onwards
• what are the strengths of the aerobic system ?

  large fuels ; tryglycerides, free fatty acids, glycogen and glucose

  high atp yield and long duration of energy production

  no fatiguing by products
• what are weaknesses of the aerobic system?

  delay for oxygen delivery and complex series of reactions

  slow energy production limits activity to submaximal intensity

  FFAs demand 15% more o2 for breakdown