molecules and digestive

• We tend to think of soft tissue as skin                                       and flesh, but it also refers to ligaments,                                   muscles and tendons too.

  However, small tears in ligaments/tendon can be repaired, a complete detachment cannot without surgery to reattach first.
• Definition of remodelling; The reshaping or reconstruction of a part of the body, esp. to repair a part that has been injured, e.g., bone repair, wound healing, burn healing or the walls of the heart after myocardial infarction
• Physical trauma defined as an injury that has the potential to cause disability or death
• Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is common in critically injured patients who survive the initial insult, and is associated with poor outcome, life changing injuries. E.g. brain injury or kidney damage
• A nutritious diet aimed at promoting wound healing should ideally encompass hydration; nutrients including proteins and amino acids.  A patient may need a referral to a dietician to ensure their diet supports healing.
• Top front impact injury can affect speech,  hearing, taste etc. Symptoms depend on where the damage occurs in the brain.
• The kidneys are not protected by the rib cage as they are located just below it at the back.

  Kidney damage is likely to be permanent as there is damage to the tiny nephrons. 

  This could be                          anything from                             grade 1 damage                 to grade 5
• The role of the spleen

  • Stores blood.
  • Filters blood by removing                                cellular waste and getting rid of                        old or damaged blood cells.
  • Makes white blood cells and antibodies that help you fight infection.
  • Maintains the levels of fluid in your body.
  • Produces antibodies that protect you against infection.
• 
  

  Osteoclasts are the main cells responsible for repair.
• Haemorrhaging (learn the spelling) is the loss of a large amount of blood which makes clotting harder.

  Internal bleeding is bleeding that occurs when blood vessels become damaged inside the body. This is likely to require surgery
• “Ecchymosis” (pronounced “eh-chuh-mow-sis”) is the medical term for a bruise. 

  A bruise, referred to as a contusion, is skin discoloration from damaged, leaking blood vessels underneath your skin.

  Severity, dark colour

  Th bruise will go green/yellow, as a result of the body breaking down haemoglobin.
• Ischemia is an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.

  This is when a person in an accident goes into shock. 

  Ischemia may cause tissue damage due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients.

  Ischemia can lead to organ failure and brain damage.
• Hypoperfusion can be cause by a reduced amount of oxygen entering the body and being transported in the blood.

  Lack of an intake of oxygen in the blood can stem from a person no longer breathing.

  Loss of blood = cells not getting the oxygen.
• symptoms of shock:

  • pale skin, which may be cold and clammy
  • sweating
  • fast pulse - as shock gets worse
  • fast, shallow breathing
  • a weak pulse
  • grey blue skin, especially inside the lips
  • nausea and possible vomiting - as the brains oxygen supply decreases
  • restlessness and aggressive behaviour
  • yawning and gasping for air
  • the casualty could become unresponsive.