Dipuga

• JOSEPH LISTER introduced ANTISEPTIC PRINCIPLES in 1867 for use in surgery and post-traumatic injury
• JOSEPH LISTER used PHENOL (carbolic acid) as wash for the hands, spray on an incision site, and bandages applied to wounds
• PAUL EHRLICH began working with ANTIBACTERIAL DYES and ANTI-PARASITIC ARSENICALS in 1888
• PAUL EHRLICH's goal was to develop compounds that retained antimicrobial activity at the expense of toxicity to the human host, which he called "magic bullets"
• PAUL EHRLICH discovered Compound 606 (Salvarsan / Arsphenamine) as an effective antisyphilitic drug
• PAUL EHRLICH's discovery of Compound 606 was a breakthrough in the treatment of a serious previous untreatable disease
• In the 1920s, successful ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS used included elements like MERCURY, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, and dyes such as GENTIAN VIOLET & METHYLENE BLUE
• In the 1950s, SULFONAMIDES, SULFONES, Hexachlorophene, synthetic antimalarial compounds, and several antibiotics were introduced as more effective phenolic compounds
• Terms

  • GERMICIDES
  • ANTISEPTICS
  • DISINFECTANTS
• GERMICIDES are anti-infective agents used locally at specific sites
• ANTISEPTICS are compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms when applied to living tissues
• DISINFECTANTS prevent transmission of infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate objects
• The IDEAL ANTISEPTIC must have specific characteristics like low toxicity, rapid lethal action against microorganisms, low surface tension, etc.
• The IDEAL DISINFECTANT must have specific characteristics like rapid lethal action against all potential pathogenic microorganisms, good penetrating properties, etc.
• STANDARD FOR REMOVING MICROORGANISMS includes ANTISEPSIS, DECONTAMINATION, and DISINFECTION
• Standard for removing microorganisms

  • Antisepsis - application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
  • Decontamination - destruction or marked reduction in the number/activity of microorganisms
  • Disinfection - chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
  • Sanitization - reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
  • Sterilization - A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival
• Pasteurization is a process that kills non-sporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65°C—100°C
• Alcohols

  Molecules containing the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) that is bonded to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group
• Electronegativity of oxygen

  Contributes to the unsymmetrical distribution of charge, creating a partial positive charge on hydrogen (+) and partial negative charge on oxygen (-)
• Dipole

  Created by the uneven distribution of electron density in the O-H bond
• Primary alcohols

  Antibacterial potencies increase with molecular weight until 8-carbon atom (octanol), carbon 9 onwards show lower potency due to increased chance of branching
• As the alcohol chain length increases

  Van der Waals interactions, ability to penetrate microbial membranes, and antimicrobial activity increase
• As water solubility increases


  Apparent antimicrobial potency diminishes with molecular weight
• Branching of the alcohol chain

  Decreases antibacterial potency due to weaker Van der Waals forces
• Isomeric alcohols potencies decrease in the order

  Primary > Secondary > Tertiary
• Primary medicinal use of alcohol

  • Antiseptic
  • Preservative
  • Mild counter-irritant
  • Solvent
• Rubbing alcohol is used as

  • Astringent
  • Rubefacient
  • Mild local anesthetic
• The anesthetic effect results from the evaporative refrigerant action of alcohol when applied to the skin
• Ethanol

  Product of fermentation from grain and many other carbohydrates, flammable, miscible with water in all proportions, and soluble in most organic solvents
• Commercial ethanol contains approximately 95% ethanol by volume
• Ethanol can also be prepared synthetically by the sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
• Preparation of ethanol

  Can also be prepared synthetically by the sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of ETHYLENE
• Ethanol has been injected near nerves and ganglia to alleviate pain
• Uses of ethanol internally

  • Carminative
  • Mild sedative
  • Weak vasodilator
• Adduct

  Product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components
• Dehydrated Ethanol

  Contains NLT 99% w/w of C2H5OH, prepared commercially by azeotropic distillation of an ethanol-benzene mixture with provisions made for efficient removal of water
• Absolute Ethanol

  Has a very high affinity for water and must be stored in tightly sealed containers, primarily used as a chemical reagent or solvent but has been injected for local relief of pain in carcinomas and neuralgias
• Types of denatured alcohol

  • Completely denatured alcohol
  • Specially denatured alcohol
• Isopropyl Alcohol

  Colorless, volatile liquid used primarily as a disinfectant for the skin and surgical instruments, rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50%-95%, used in pharmaceuticals and toiletries as a solvent and preservative
• Uses of isopropyl alcohol

  • Disinfectant for the skin and surgical instruments
  • Solvent and preservative in pharmaceuticals and toiletries