ELS

• Introduction to Science

  • Science is not simply a body of knowledge but also a way of knowing
  • It is a body of knowledge
  • It is a method of acquiring knowledge
• Scientific Method

  • Observation
  • Questioning
  • Experimentation
  • Gathering & Analyzing Data
  • Making Conclusions
• How To Think Like a Scientist

  • In our world today, information has been accessible
  • We must think critically about which information must be accepted or not to create correct and informed decisions
• Creationism is the religious belief that nature and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans originated with supernatural acts of divine creation
• Creationism


  1. Creation of the universe as described in the Book of Genesis

  2. God created everything in 6 days and rested on the seventh day

  3. Creation timeline: 1st day - Light and Dark, 2nd day - Land, water, sky, 3rd day - Vegetation, 4th day - Heavenly bodies: Sun, Planets, 5th day - Living creatures, air, water, 6th day - Animals on the land and humans
• Steady State Theory: The universe is continuously expanding and remains the same throughout time
• Big Bang Theory: The universe started with a cataclysm that created space and time and all matter and energy that has ever existed
• The universe is 13.8 billion years old according to the Big Bang Theory
• Common misconception: The Big Bang Theory started from a small explosion, but it was actually the expansion of highly dense pressurized space
• Evidences supporting the Big Bang Theory: Cosmic Microwave Background and observations through the Hubble Telescope
• Timeline of the Big Bang Theory

  1. Singularity Era

  2. Inflationary Era

  3. Formulation of the Universe

  4. Formation of the Basic Elements

  5. Radiation Era
• Singularity Era

  1. Also known as the Planck Era

  2. All matter was condensed on a single point of infinite density and extreme heat
• Inflationary Era


  The universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus to 10^35 meters in width
• Formulation of the Universe


  1. The universe was made up of fundamental particles and energy: quarks, electrons, protons, and neutrons

  2. The universe started to cool down
• Formation of the Basic Elements

  1. Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei

  2. Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form helium nuclei through nucleosynthesis

  3. Hydrogen is the first atom in the universe
• Radiation Era


  1. The energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths)

  2. Cosmic microwave background
• Formation of hydrogen nuclei

  Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei
• Nucleosynthesis

  Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form helium nuclei
• Hydrogen is the first atom in the universe
• Radiation Era

  1. Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths)

  2. Cosmic microwave background radiation
• Matter Domination


  1. Matter began to dominate anti-matter

  2. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small neutral atoms

  3. The universe is already stable since other atoms already exist
• Birth of the Stars and Galaxy

  1. Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser

  2. Gained enough mass to ignite and produce light
• Big Bang is correct
• Galaxies moving away


  The distance between galaxies is increasing with time
• Red Shift

  Light waves are "stretched" which shows that Earth and the source are moving away from each other
• Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
• Abundance of light elements
• Fate of the Universe
• 4 Fundamental Forces

  • Strong Nuclear Force
  • Electromagnetic Force
  • Weak Nuclear Force
  • Gravity
• Messages from Earth Voyages goes Interstellar
• The Sun is at the center
• 8 planets and respective satellites
• Asteroids, comets, meteoroids
• Early Astronomy
• Geocentric model
• Heliocentric Model
• Geo Heliocentric Model
• Models of the solar system

  • Geo Heliocentric Model
  • Vortex Theory
  • Collision theory
  • Nebular Theory
• Geo Heliocentric Model


  • Proposed by Tycho Brahe
  • The Earth is at the center of the solar system while the sun revolves around it, and the other planets rotate around the sun
  • Was rejected immediately since it is possible that the heavenly bodies may crash into each other
• Vortex Theory

  • Rene Descartes
  • Solar system was formed because of the whirlpool-like motion of materials present in the universe
  • The whirlpool movement clumped particles together, forming larger matter