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Biology
B3 - infection and response
Fighting disease
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Cards (55)
What is the main function of the human body's defense system?
To protect against
pathogens
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What are the two main components of the body's defense system?
Physical and chemical barriers
Immune system
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What acts as a physical barrier in the human body?
Skin
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How does skin contribute to pathogen defense?
It secretes oils and
antimicrobial
substances
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Through which openings can pathogens enter the body?
Nose
and
mouth
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What adaptations do noses have to prevent pathogen entry?
Little hairs and
mucus
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What are the two tubes leaving the throat?
Trachea
and
esophagus
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What is the role of mucus in the trachea?
To trap
particles
and
pathogens
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What are psyia and their function in the respiratory system?
Tiny
structures
that move mucus
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What does the stomach produce to kill pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid
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What is the pH level of stomach contents?
About 2
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What happens when pathogens enter the body despite defenses?
The
immune system
hunts them down
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What is the primary type of cell in the immune system?
White blood cells
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What are the three important functions of white blood cells?
Phagocytosis
(engulfing pathogens)
Producing
antitoxins
Producing antibodies
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What is phagocytosis?
Engulfing
pathogens
by
white blood cells
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What do antitoxins do?
Counteract toxins produced by
pathogens
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What are antigens?
Foreign substances detected by the
immune system
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What are antibodies?
Proteins
made by
white blood cells
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How do antibodies function in the immune response?
They bind to
antigens
and signal for destruction
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What does it mean to be immune to a disease?
The body quickly produces
antibodies
against it
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How does the immune system remember pathogens?
It produces specific
antibodies
It retains
memory
of past
infections
It responds quickly upon
re-exposure
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What is a big part of medicine?
The use of
drugs
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How much does the NHS spend on medications annually?
Over
seventeen billion
pounds
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What are the two groups of medications?
Medications that relieve
symptoms
Medications that treat
diseases
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What medications might you take for a sore throat?
Aspirin
or
paracetamol
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What do painkillers do for a sore throat?
Reduce pain and
headache
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What is the role of cough medicine?
It reduces the
need
to cough
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Do painkillers cure the problem of a sore throat?
No, they only relieve
symptoms
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What do antibiotics do?
Kill
bacteria
or prevent their growth
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Why might antibiotics not help with a sore throat?
Most sore throats are caused by
viruses
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Why can't antibiotics kill viruses?
Antibiotics target
bacteria
, not viruses
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What is a metaphor used to explain antibiotics' ineffectiveness on viruses?
Killing a tree with a
flyswatter
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Why is it difficult to destroy viruses?
They hide within our
body cells
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What must doctors do before prescribing antibiotics?
Test to identify the type of
bacteria
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What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria
become resistant to antibiotics
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How has the ability to treat diseases changed medicine?
Improved
quality of life
Extended
people's lives
Multiple drugs can be used
simultaneously
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What is the main takeaway about medications?
They help treat
symptoms
and diseases
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What is the impact of using multiple drugs for treatment?
Some drugs relieve
symptoms
, others treat causes
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What happens to our immune system after exposure to a pathogen?
It develops
immunity
to that pathogen
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Why is it said that we can only catch diseases like chickenpox once?
Because we develop
immunity
after the first
infection
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