Exam term2

• Scientific classification

  • 7 layers: Kingdom
  • Phylum/Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Vertebrates Fish

  Respiratory system- gills, Circulatory system- simple (=1 loop), Skeletal system- cartilage or bones Habitat- aquatic
• Vertebrates Amphibians

  Respiratory system- from gills to lungs, Circulatory system- 2 loops, Habitat- from aquatic to land
• Vertebrates Reptiles

  Respiratory system- lungs, Circulatory system- 2 loops (cold-blooded), Habitat- aquatic and land
• Vertebrates Birds

  Respiratory system- lungs, Circulatory system- 2 loops (warm-blooded), Adaptation to fly- hollow bones, wings, feathers, airbags
• Vertebrates Mammals

  Respiratory system- lungs, Circulatory system- 2 loops (warm-blooded)
• Vertebrates

  There are 65,000 species. Vertebrates have complex nervous systems. The backbone serves as a protective housing for the spinal cord.
• Invertebrates

  97% of animals are invertebrates. So far 1.25 million species have been found, most of which are insects. They are so many because of their fast reproduction.
• ·Invertebrates Porifera: sponges
• ·Invertebrates Cnidera: jellyfish, polyp type
• ·Invertebrates Worms: annelid type, flat type
• ·Invertebrates Mosulcs: snails, mollusks, octopus
• ·Invertebrates Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
• ·Invertebrates Arthropods: insect (6 legs), arachnid (8 legs), crustacean (10 legs), myriapod (many legs)
• Animal tracks

  ·Amphibians: suckers and pad

  ·Reptile: body path and pad

  ·Rodent: claws and pad (connected pad)

  ·Carnivorous: cat-pad and dog-claws (separated pad)

  ·Herbivorous: small animal-2/4 hoofs and big animal-1 hoof
• Assexual reproduction

  1parent

  Asexual = It is a fast reproduction and the offspring have the same DNA.
• Sexual reproduction

  ·2parents

  ·Sexual = it is a slow reproduction and the offspring are a mixture of their parents.

  ·Animal sexual reproduction and behavioral steps
• mutualism --> benefits
• commensalism --> benefits and unaffected
• parasitism --> benefits and harmed 
• Animal adaptation to their environment (to survive)

  ·Arctic fox: change the color of  hair to camouflage

  ·Penguin: have a layer of fat under the skin to keep them warm

  ·Snow leopard: wide feet distribute weight over the snow

  ·Seal: large eyes adapt to low light

  ·Flowering plant: use beauty to attract insects for reproduction.

  ·Jaguar: His muscular limbs and large paws to climb trees.
• An INTERACTION is DNIDED INTO 3 steps

  1. Receptors from our 5 senses collect information from the environment using the nervous system.
  2. Coordination the brain interprets the stimulus and thinks about a possible response.
  3. Response an impulse from the brain will excite a muscle to move the hand.
• Kingdoms

  Examples: salmonella, algae, shiitake, white rose, cheetah

  Vocab:

  UNI- UNICELLULAR

  MULTI- MULTICELLULAR

  PROKA- PROKARYOTIC

  EUKA- EUKARYOTIC

  HETERO- HETEROTROPHIC

  AUTO- AUTOTROPHIC
• Species & species names

  How to write a species name:

  4 rules:

  1. Language: Latin
  2. 1st name: Genus (1st letter in cap)
  3. 2nd name: species (all lowkey)
  4. Both words underlined

  Examples: LION (Panthera leo), CAIMAN (Caiman latirostris), LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa), DOMESTIC CAT (Felis catus), POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus)
• moneracell :amount unicell type prokanutrition bothreproduction asexual tissue no 
• plantcell amount --> multicell type --> eukanutrition --> autoreproduction --> both tissue --> yes
• FUNGIcell amount --> bothcell type --> eukanutrition --> hetero reproduction --> asexualtissue --> no 
• PROTISTSCELL AMOUNT --> MAINLY UNIcell type --> eukanutrition --> bothreproduction--> asexual tissue --> no
• animal cell amount --> multicell type --> eukanutrition --> htero reproduction --> sexual tissue --> yes 
• Bird migration theory

  ·Migration: when an organism moves from a place to another for various reasons.

  Example reasons: for food, for reproduction, for climate change

  When does an animal know it’s time to migrate: changes of temperature, lack of food, quantity of daylight

  Flyways: The route that birds use to move from one place to another

  Example of birds: European hoopoe (spain-senegal), European bee-eater (spain-namibia), Red knot (canada-argentina)
• ·Plant sexual reproduction:

  1. Pollination: bring the pollen to another flower
  2. Fertilization: fusion between the pollen & ovule
  3. Fruit formation: the zygote increases its size & produces a fruit with seeds
  4. Germination: the seeds grow into a new plant

  ·Plant (female👩): stigma, style, ovule

  ·Plant (male🧑): pollen grains, anther, filament
• ·Animal sexual reproduction & behavior:

  1. Courtship: period of attraction between opposite genders
  2. Fertilization: fusion between sexual cells
  3. Embryonic development through gestation: growth of the zygote (viviparous-inside female, oviparous-outside female in a egg, ovoviviparous-inside female in a egg)