Philosophy Test 2 REVIEW

• Example of art:

  Gold can be shaped into a ring, but it is just one of many shapes that gold can go through. There is a secondary principle that gives rise to a new motion, where it can roll on the ground.
• Nature is an internal principle of motion, causes of change within you; change in certain ways and rest in certain ways ( for humans)
• Nature is a...

  1. Principle: cause or source
  2. Of motion or rest: movements of things, rest means the continuing of being but not necessarily growing
  3. Within a thing primarily: means it is not art and is proper to the thing
  4. And not incidentally: not random
• Chance

  Two natural trajectories intersect and nothing in the nature of either caused their intersection ( doesn't operate as a cause )
• Example of chance

  I meet my colleague at HEB. Because we're each human and need food, we each went there ( naturally caused trajectory ). But there is nothing in my natural trajectory of searching for food that necessarily involves meeting that colleague when I'm at the grocery store.
• Soul definition

  Soul is the (1) first (2) actuality of a (3) natural body (4) having life potentially
• Soul is the cause of respiration, growth, self-nourishment, moving, sensing, and thinking
• The soul is responsible for the body being alive. The body isn't alive until the soul animates the body.
• The soul is not present in an extended way.

  If your arm got cut off, you don't lose a part of your soul.

  If you get an eye transplant, you lose your ability to see temporarily, but a part of your soul is not cut off.
• Powers ( capacities) <- Acts ( act of that capacity) <- Objects ( acting in a way of certain things)

  ex: the ability to see <- sight <- color or shape

  Seeing color or shape comes from the act of sight, which is the source of your power to see.
• Matter

  The primary substratum for each thing, from which it comes to be without requirement, and persists in the result  
• Form

  The shape or look of a thing, makes it what it is
• Privation

  The lack of a form in a suitable subject.

  Ex: Not-red(privation) to red (form)
• Potency

  The capacity of a being to receive some perfection or perform some action 
• Act

  The fully present realization or completion of potency  
• Compound: The two principles of matter and form create the compound (NOT privation) 
• Matter = Potency

   Form = Act 
• Soul is the 

  (1) first:  

  The soul is responsible for the knowledge or ability to do living activities; the body is responsible for executing the actions of the knowledge. 

  The first actuality is defined as the pre-requisite of an activity; the second actuality is doing the activity itself.  
• Soul is the (1)first example

  Ex: Having the actuality of knowing how to ride a bike, the second actuality is riding the bike to school 

  Even though you are not exhibiting life activities at a particular time, you are still a living being. For example, when you are asleep, you are not exhibiting rational activities, but you are still a human being. 
• Soul is the (1) first

  (2) actuality of a: 

  The soul is responsible for the life of something. The soul is responsible for a living being’s nourishment, sensations, movement, and reasoning. Based on Aristotle’s teachings of substances and accidents, Aristotle concludes that the soul is the form of the body.  The soul is the form of the body, which means it is the matter it informs. The soul and the body combined is a living being. 
• Soul is the (1) first (2) actuality of a

  (3) natural body: 

  All the bodies that the soul inhabits must have an intrinsic principle of motion, which are natural beings.  While the rational soul could exist without the body, it must be unified to perform different bodily actions.  You cannot say that your body is in one place and your soul is in another; it would not make sense.  
• Soul is the (1) first (2) actuality of a (3) natural body

  (4) having life potentially: 

  This means the soul will always be in a living body, specifically with organic parts. Organic parts have specific functions that help the body. Examples: humans, animals, and plants.  Humans have teeth, which allow us to chew food and be nourished to grow.  Non-examples: water and rocks, they do not have parts that help them move  
• Body = Matter (Potency) 

  Soul = Form (Act) 
• Substance : an independently existing thing, being
• Quantity : numerical, can be measured  
• Quality : characteristics, ex: impatience, color, etc. 
• Relation : ex: friendship, to be a sister, brother  
• Where : location, changing from one to another 
• When : time, changing from one to another  
• Position : opening/closing a book, bending your knees 
• Habit : when we use/wear an item, it becomes kind of like a part of us, some kind of temporary unity, ex: wearing shoes, wearing a t-shirt, the horse being saddled, “I kicked the soccer ball” 
• Action : walking, running, jumping, etc.
• Passion : something that suffers the action, ex: being kicked, being picked up   
• Four Causes

  Material, Formal, Final, Efficient
• Material : that (material) out of which a thing comes to be, what a thing is made of
• Formal : that (form/shape) into which a thing is made or comes to be 
• Efficient : the maker from which a thing comes to be, natural (parents), artificial (maker) 
• Final – that for the sake of which, final state that it is to reach
• A book 

  Material cause – paper, binding       

  Efficient cause - book manufacturer 

  Final cause – To be read, literacy                 

  Formal cause - book shape 
• Nature:

  (1) A principle:  The changes, growth, and movements around us exist because of an underlying cause.