Geomorph

• Gradualism refers most broadly to a theory that changes of the Earth itself occur through gradual increments, and often that transitions between different states are more or less continual and slow rather than periodic and rapid.
• streams whose courses are direct consequence of the initial topography are called consequent streams.
• Strike-slip fault also called transcurrent fault, wrench fault, or lateral fault, in geology, a fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust in which the rock masses slip past one another parallel to the strike
• Cuestas are asymmetric ridges with one long gentle slope generally coinciding with the dip of the resistant bed or beds
• The accumulation of debris and/or biological accumulation are processes leading to aggradation

• Axial plane- the plane that bisects the angle between the two limbs
• Angle of plunge is the angle between the axis and a horizontal plane
• Limbs- two sides of a fold
• A syncline is a concave fold in which the younger layers are closer to the center. Synclines are typically a downward fold, pointing upwards.
• An anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core.
• A ravine is a type of gully characterized by its depth. How deep should a gully be to be considered as a ravine


  >5m
• Coulées known as a hybrid between a lava dome and a lava flow
• Physical/Mechanical Weathering takes place when rocks are broken down without any change in the chemical nature of the rocks. The rocks are essentially torn apart by physical force, rather than by chemical breakdown
• Aggradation is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment
• Gelifluction is the seasonal freeze-thaw action upon water-logged top soils which induces downslope movement
• Slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or rock layers moves a short distance downaslope
• Talus a slope formed by an accumulationof brokenrock debris, as at the base of a cliff or other highplace.
• In climatic zones where temperature and humidity are capable of sustaining organic life: biologic weathering does occur
• In warm, humid climates : chemical and biologic weathering are predominant.
• In cold and warm dry climatic conditions: physical weathering are prevalent
• Gullies according to Soil Type associated with piping and is found particularly on loamy sands with columnar structure - frontal
• SHEETWASH/SHEET EROSION- Is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers by the forces of raindrops and overland flow.- It involves the falling of raindropsandtheirmerging to form a near-continuous sheet whichmoves down hillslopes, gathering momentumandrepresenting an erosive force of highpotential.
• slump a type of slide wherein downward rotation of rock or regolith occurs along a concave-upward curved surface (rotational slides)
• Transportation is the movement of materials from their source area to a new location.
• The process of removing material from one place and depositing it elsewhere is called transport.
• RILLING - A small channel that forms as water flows across a slope during heavy rains. Rills can be temporary features formed when there is enough runoff to carry sediment but not enough to cut through the bedrock.
• Deposition is the process whereby sedimentary material is laid down as a result of deposition by water, wind, ice, gravity, etc.
• Oxbow Lake is a curved lake that has was originally a

  bend in a river but became separated when the river

  took a new, straighter course.
• Sediments are solid particles that have been moved from their original position by some agent such as running water, glaciers, waves, or wind.
• The coal furnace terminology for lapilli is cinders
• Endogenic- internal processes powered by the

  Earths internal heat, which produces tectonic

  Intrusions (Volcanoes).
• Inselberg is an isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, orsmall mountain from a gently slopingor virtuallylevel surrounding plain
• Terracette is a type of landform, a ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill forming step-like patterns along the slope
• Aggradation is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment
• Rockfall is a fragment of rock (a block) detached by toppling, or falling, that drops along a vertical or sub-vertical cliff
• Rockslide a usually rapid downward movement of rock fragments that slide over an inclined surface
• Shield volcano is a volcano with a slope angle of around 2-10 degrees, constructed with solidified layers of basalt.
• Creep is a slow downslope movement of particles that occurs on every slope covered with loose, weathered material.
• Debris avlanche is formed when an unstable slope collapses and debris is transported away from the slope.
• Debris slide is a mass of predominantly unconsolidated and incoherent soil and rock fragments that has slid or rolled rapidly down a steep slope