Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles

• Eukaryotic cells are generally a bit more complicated than prokaryotc cells.
• Plant cells have all the same organelles as animal cells, but with a few added components.
• Plant cells have a cell wall with plasmodesmata for exchaning substances with ajacent cells.
• Plasma (cell surface) membrane - Membrane found on the surface of animals cells and just inside the celll wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells. It's made of mainly lipids and proteins.
• The Plasma Membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecues on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
• Cell Wall - A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells. It's made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose
• The cell wall is used to support the cell
• Nucleus - A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which contains pores. It contains chromatin and a structure called the nucleolus.
• Chromatin is made from DNA and proteins.
• The nucleus controls the cell's activities and the DNA contains instructions to make proteins
• The pores in the nuclear envelope allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
• The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
• Lysosome - A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes. These are used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components.
• Ribosome - A very small organelle that either floats free or is attached to the RER. It is made up of proteins and RNA. It is not surrouned by a membrane.
• Ribosome - The site where proteins are made.
• RER - A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. The membrane is covered in ribosomes.
• RER - Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes on the surface
• SER - A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space.
• SER - Synthesises and processes lipids.
• Vesicle - A small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane.
• Vesicles - Transport substances in and out of the cell and between organelles.
• Golgi Apparatus - A group of fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs.
• Golgi Apparatus - Processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
• Mitochondrion - They have a double membrane that forms a cristae. Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration.
• Mitochondrion - The site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. They're found in large numbers in cells that require a lot of energy.
• Chloroplast - The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts in the stroma.
• Centriole - Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules. Found in animal cells, but only in some plant cells.
• Centriole - Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
• Cilia - Small, hair like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells.
• Cilia, in a cross section , have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of protein tubules inside, with two microtubules in the middle.
• Cilia - Microtubules allow the cilia to move