Ethics

• Philosophia est scientia rationalis omnium rerum per supremas causas
• Philos comes from the Greek word Φιλος (philos) which means "lover". Philia means love
• Sophia comes from the Greek word Σοφια (sophia) which means wisdom
• Philosophy, in its etymological sense, means that it is a guest for more and deeper knowledge thus
• Philosophy


  The rational science of all things through their Ultimate causes
• Philosophy is rational because


  Uses reason as its main instrument in finding answers to its fundamental questions
• Philosophy does not use experience nor experimentation
• Philosophy uses ideas and reason alone to give justification to its answers
• Philosophy is both a science and an art
• Philosophy is a science because


  It is governed by certain rules and principles
• Philosophy is a science because


  It deals with tangible reality and facts
• Philosophy is a science because

  It deals with the World surrounding man
• Philosophy is an art


  It has methods and techniques to follow
• Philosophy is Art because it is practical and is used in everyday life
• Non-living world: cosmology
• Compound of body & soul

  Psychology
• Four kinds of ethics


  Descriptive- describe and compares the ethical norms in different societies.

  Normative- investigates the questions that arise when considering how we ought to behave and what ethical norms we should follow.

  Applied - process of applying normative principles and arguments to particular situations.

  Meta - examines what moral language is about and how it can be justified. Meta in Greek means "beyond" so its going beyond our normative theories to ask the most general questions e.g. what is the meaning of 'good' and ' bad'
• Descriptive ethics


  Deals with what people actually believe (or made to believe) to be right or wrong, and accordingly holds up to human actions as acceptable or not acceptable or punishable under a custom or law.
• Descriptive ethics


  It is also called comparative ethics or past and present; ethics of one society and other. It also takes inputs from other disciples such as anthropology, psychology, sociology and history to explain in the moral right or wrong.
• Normative ethics


  Deals with "norms" or set of considerations how one should act. Thus, it's a study of "ethical action" and sets out the rightness or wrongness of the actions.
• Normative ethics


  Is also called ' prescriptive ethics' because it rests on how principles which determine whether an actual is right or wrong .
• Golden rule of normative ethics is


  "Doing to others as we want them to do to us"
• Prescriptive ethics


  It rests on the principles which determine whether an action is right or wrong
• Golden rule of normative ethics

  Doing to others as we want them to do to us
• Since We don't want our neighbors to throw stones through our glass window,then it will not be wise to first throw stones first. Based on this reasoning anything such as HARASSING VICTIMIZING ABUSING ASSAULTING someone is wrong.what kind of ethics is this?

  Normative ethics
• Normative ethics provides justification for punishing a person who disturbs social and moral order
• Applied ethics


  Is a branch of ethics devoted to the treatment of moral problems, practices , and policies in personal life, professions, technology,and government.
• metaethics


  It can be described as the philosophical study of the nature of moral judgement. It is concerned with such questions as : Do moral judgement express beliefs or rather desires and inclinations? Are moral judgement apt to be assessed in terms of Truth and falsity?do moral sentences have fuctual meaning? Are any moral judgements true or are they systematically and unif. False?
• Ethics 


  Derived from the greek word ethos which means "characteristics way of acting".

  Latin equivalent mos, mores -tradition or custom.

  Ethos concludes cultural mannerism . Religion, politics laws and social experiment of a group of people
• Ethos of man


  He is able to distinguish between good and evil, right or wrong,moral and Immoral.
• Ethos of man


  He feels good within himself an obligation to do what is good and to avoid what is evil.
• Ethos of man


  He feels within himself accountable for his actions, expecting reward or punishments for them.
• Ethics

  Study of the morality of the act, consists of rational, moral phenomena or issues. Studies the norms ,standards or codes. Determines the morality of human act or conduct.
• Morality


  Refers only to human act, refers to standards which individuals are encouraged to observe. Human act has a moral value ,the value of the good or bad,right or wrong
• Components of Human Act


  • Knowledge , Freedom , Voluntariness
• Morality 


  A system of beliefs about what is right behavior and wrong behavior.
• Morality 


  -deals with how a person relate with other and with the world to promote what is good.
• James rachels


  Asserted that at the very least morality is the effort to guide one's conduct by reason
• James Rachels

  To act based on the best reasons for doing while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual affected by one's decision.
• Morality is Complex

  1. Factual uncertainty
  2. Vagueness
  3. Conflicting reasons
  4. Conflicting perspectives