Term 3

• Clinical practice guideline are recommendations on how to diagnose and treat a medical condition.
• The purpose of guidelines is to improve the quality of care for patients and improve clinical effectiveness by implementation of evidence-based care in daily practice.
• Eleven characteristics of the guidelines

  1. Validity
  2. Cost effectiveness
  3. Reproducibility
  4. Reliability
  5. Representative development
  6. Clinical Applicability
  7. Clinical flexible.
  8. Clarity
  9. Meticulous documentation
  10. Schedules review
  11. Unscheduled review
• Electronic journal is a periodical publication which is published in electronic format, usually on the internet.
• Types or variants of E-journal

  1. Classic electronic journals
  2. Parallel electronic journals or electronic version of print
  3. Database model and software model
  4. CD-ROM journals
  5. Full text
  6. Electronic only journals
• Electronic Medical records system

  • Clinicians rely on complete and accurate data in order to make decisions about patient care.
• Disadvantages of Electronic Medical Record System

  • enormous start-up costs
  • Nurses and doctors unfamiliar with technology. (they're not tech savvy)
  • Prone to hacking despite security precautions
  • System is prone to computer virus.
  • Power failure
• Electronic health record composed of health information regarding an individual patient that exists as part of a complete system designed to provide access to, and management of, such information. EHR is developed and managed by the health facility or provider.
• Nicholas E. Davies is the pioneer of development of Electronic medical Record
• CPRI- Computer-Based Patient Record Institute
• Telemedicine is the used of medical information exchanged from one site to another via electronic communications to improve a patient's health issues.
• Telehealth is the use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical health care.
• Teleradiology- the oldest form of telemedicine
• Types of telehealth interaction

  • Store-and-forward- images/videos are saved and sent later.
  • Real time
  • Remote monitoring- patient monitoring at home or nursing home
• Objective of telemedicine

  • move the information, not the patient
  • replace transporting the patient or the specialist to given location
  • exchanged of information, expertise for medical diagnosing and treatment is a basic concept
• teleradiology- telecommunicating radiological images
• telepathology- transmission of microscopic image over telecommunication lines allowing the pathologist to view images on a monitor instead of under a microscope.
• Telecardiology- echocardiograms could be telecommunicated
• teleneurology- permits a remote neurologist to read the CT scan of the brain
• telepsychiatry- uses teleconferencing to deliver psychotherapy
• components of spreadsheet (CR CRAFF)

  • Cell
  • row
  • Column
  • Range
  • A colon (:)
  • Function
  • Formula
• Spreadsheet is an arrangement of cells in columns and rows used to organize, analyze, calculate and report information, usually in numerical form.
• First electronic spreadsheet was named VISICAL short for visual calculator
• 3 types of data mining process; (PDD)

  • predicting- discovering variables that predict or classify a future event
  • Discovery- discovering patterns, associations, or clusters within a larges dataset
  • deviations- discover the norm via pattern recognitions and then discover deviations form this norm
• 6 phases of data mining process described by crisp dm model

  1. understanding the business
  2. understanding the data
  3. data preparation
  4. modeling
  5. evaluation
  6. deployment
• Crisp-Dm model- a international cross industry model it is now being applied data mining within healthcare
• SPSS- statistical package for social sciences
• Statistical program- provides a plethora of basic statistical functions
• modeler program- enables researchers to build and validate predictive models using advanced statistical procedures
• text analytics for survey program- helps survey administrators uncover powerful images form responses to open ended questions.
• visualization designer- allows researchers to use their data to create a wide variety of visuals like density charts and radial boxplots with ease.
• you can use PROC steps to:

  • print report.
  • produce descriptive statistics.
  • create a tabular report.
  • produce plots and charts.
• PROC (procedure) typically analyze and process data in the form of a SAS data set
• In Vivo- effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
• data processing- manipulation of data by a computer. The conversion of raw data to machine readable form
• Database- an organized collection of related data
• Information system- used to process data and produce information
• Human brain- most effective and complex information system
• Types of computer data

  1. computer-based data types

  • Alphanumerical data- include letters and numbers in any combination
  • Numeric data- used to perform numeric functions including adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing
  • Logic data- data limited to two options

  2. Conceptual data types- reflect how users view the data
• DBMSs- Database Management Systems