inheritance

• dna structure

  phosphate

  pentose sugar (5 carbon atoms)

  base (GCAT)
• how genes code for proteins

  • genes are different sections of dna which code for amino acids for proteins
  • they consist of a string of organic bases which are GCAT
  • the order of the bases code for different amino acids in codons
• how do mutations change proteins

  • mutations change the order of the bases
  • so different amino acids are coded for
  • which changes the protein
  • so the active site shape will change and will not fit the substrate
• protein synthesis

  • dna cannot exit the nucleus as it is too big to pass through the nuclear pore and could get damaged so the base code of each gene is transcribed onto mRNA
  • mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
  • the correct sequence of amino acids are then brought to the ribosome and joined together
  • this amino acid sequence then forms into a protein
• uses for proteins

  enzymes

  hormones

  structural proteins (collagen)
• linnaeus classification

  kingdom

  phylum

  class

  order

  family

  genus

  species
• woese three domains

  archaea (extremophiles)

  bacteria

  eukaryota