SCI-HISTORY

• History of science

  The study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences
• Science


  A body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real-world phenomena
• Historiography of science


  Studies the methods employed by historians of science
• The English word scientist was first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century
• Before the term scientist, investigators of nature called themselves "natural philosophers"
• Modern science began to develop in the early modern period, particularly in the scientific revolution of 16th and 17th-century Europe
• From the 18th through the late 20th century, the history of science was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs
• Early cultures passed knowledge and technique through an oral tradition
• The domestication of maize for agriculture has been dated to about 9,000 years ago in southern Mexico
• Archaeological evidence indicates the development of astronomical knowledge in preliterate societies
• The development of writing enabled humans to store and communicate knowledge across generations with much greater accuracy
• Ancient civilizations systematically collected astronomical observations and charted the relative positions of celestial bodies
• Ancient investigators generally employed a holistic intuition, assuming the interconnectedness of all things
• Basic facts about human physiology were known in some places, and alchemy was practiced in several civilizations
• Considerable observation of macroscopic flora and fauna was performed in ancient times
• The ancient Mesopotamians had no distinction between "rational science" and magic
• Apollo 11 mission in 1969 successfully landed humans on the Moon for the first time
• Maxwell formulated the equations describing electromagnetic waves
• Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of space and time
• NASA launched The hubble space telescope in 1990
• Allan Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation
• Vostok 1 mission sent the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into space
• Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered the first pulsar in 1967, a highly magnetized rotating neutron star
• LIGO mission detected the first direct evidence of gravitational waves
• Alessandro Volta invented the first practical electric battery in 1800
• In 2015, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft flew by Pluto, providing detailed images and data about the dwarf planet.
• NASA's Mars Rover missions have provided valuable insights into the geology and potential habitability of Mars.
• In 1898, Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium which led to advancement in nuclear science
• The discovery of cosmic rays led to the development of particle accelerators and nuclear physics research.
• Marie Curie was awarded two Nobel Prizes - one in Physics (with her husband) and another in Chemistry
• In 1608, the first telescope was invented
• Edward Jenner developed the first successful vaccine for smallpox in 1796
• Galileo Galilei made significant contributions to astronomy and physics through his observations with a telescope
• Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion provided insight into the movements of celestial bodies
• Dmitri Mendeleev developed the first crude form of the periodic table of elements in 1869
• Thomas Savery invented the first practical steam engine in 1698
• John Dalton proposed that all matter was composed of tiny particles called atoms, which could not be divided further.
• The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming revolutionized medicine by providing an effective treatment for bacterial infections.
• Michael Faraday conducted experiments on electromagnetism and discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction.
• Galileo Galilei made significant contributions to astronomy through his observations with telescopes.