NV

• Central Nervous System


  (CNS) brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous system


  Body Nerves that connect to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs.
• Autonomic Nervous System


  Controls involuntary bodily functions (not consciously controlled), such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes
• Somatic Nervous System


  Controls voluntary bodily functions (consciously controlled), such as controlling skeletal muscles
• 2 Major Functions of Nervous System

  1. Sensory Reception-end of peripheral neurons monitor conditions( light,sound,temperature)

  
  

  2. Integrative Functions- Sensory messages that get sent repeatedly get remembered "motor functions" (subconscious actions)

  
• Order of Stimulus (from sensory to effector)

  1. Stimuli: physical or chemical signal (ex. hot room)

  2. Nerve impulse (ex. sends signal to brain)

  3. Effectors: muscle & glands react (ex. sweat glands start sweating)
• Stimulus


  Things that initiate nerve impulses (ex. hot room)
• Effector


  Response (ex. Sweating)
• Motor Functions

  Complex muscle-and-nerve acts that produce movement (walking, writing, typing running etc.)
• "Electrochemical"


  A nerve impulse is partially electric (change in polarity/charge) and partially chemical (neurotransmitters)

  
• Synapse


  Where the nerve impulse is sent (connection of 2 neurons) .

  
  

  Action Potential changes the charge of the synapse (causes electricity) and Neurotransmitters are sent.

  
• Myelin Sheath


  Covering of Schwann Cells, Speeds up nerve impulses.

  
• Axon


  The long threadlike part of a nerve cell that carry the nerve impulse

  
• Dendrites

  Branch like extensions on a neuron that GET signals and connect to the synapse

  
• Neurotransmitters

  Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another 'target' neuron

  
• Multipolar Neuron

  Most of the brain/spinal cord & is mylinated

  
• Bipolar Neuron


  Found in eyes, nose, and ears

  
  

  Classified as an "Interneuron": connects PNS to CNS

  
• Unipolar Neuron

  Accepts Sensory messages (feelings & senses)

  
  

  Found outside of the brain and spinal cord

  
• Sensory Neuron


  Nerve cells that transmit sensory information (sight, smell, sound etc.)

  
  

  Unipolar shaped Neurons
• Interneuron


  Nerve cells that serve as that connection between Peripheral Nerves to Central Nervous System.

  
  

  
  

  Bipolar shaped Neurons

  
• Motor Neuron


  Nerve cells responsible for making an action or movement happen.

  
  

  Multipolar Shaped Neurons
• Sodium Potassium Pump


  A protein on the outside membrane of a neuron at the Synapse.

  
  

  Changes the charge (aka. polarity) of the neuron.

  
  

  Moves sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane to change the "electricity" of the neuron.
• The order of events during an Action Potential caused by the Sodium Potassium Pump

  1.) Sodium Channel Opens

  2.) Sodium Channel Closes

  3.) Potassium Channel Opens

  4.) Potassium Channel Closes
• Depolarization

  During nerve impulse, electrical charge increases to Action Potential (30mV)
• Repolarization

  During nerve impulse (Action Potential), electrical charge decreases to Resting Potential (-70mV)

  
• Significance of 30mV

  Action potential- highest charge

  
• Significance -70mV


  Resting Potential

  (both the start and end in Sodium Potassium Pump)
• Resting Potential

  Non-active state of a neuron (not sending an impulse)

  
• Action Potential

  Highest charge of a neuron, 30mV (caused by Sodium Potassium Pump) -- causes a Nerve Impulse
• Threshold Potential


  Starts an action potential.

  
• 5 milliseconds


  Time it takes to send a nerve impulse (Action Potential of Sodium Potassium Pump)
• 4 Major Brain Structures

  1. Cerebellum

  2. Cerebrum

  3. Diencephalon

  4. Brainstem

  
• Cerebrum


  "Brain" area

  
  

  Divided into Right and left hemispheres, connected by the Corpus Callosum

  
• Diencephalon


  "Middle of brain"- in between Cerebrum & Brain Stem

  
  

  Consists of:

  1. Hypothalamus

  2. Thalamus

  
• Cerebellum


  Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth, balanced muscular activity

  -

  
• Injury to the Cerebellum leads to this...

  Tremors or movement issues.
• Brain Stem

  Connects brain to spinal cord

  
  

  Made up...

  1. Midbrain

  2. Pons

  3. Medulla Oblongata

  
• Right Cerebral Hemisphere


  Controls left body,

  
  

  Creative, Visual, facial recognition, visual, and musical traits

  
• Left Cerebral Hemisphere


  Controls Right Body

  
  

  Logical, Math, Calculations, Organized traits

  
• Corpus Callosum

  Connects the left and right hemispheres(sides) of the brain