Unit 1

• UNIT 1 - ETHICS AND THE MORAL PERSON

  • CHAPTER 1 - ETHICS, BASIC CONCEPTS, AND ISSUES
• What is Ethics

  • Ethics and Morality
  • Areas of Ethics
• Nature of Moral Statements

  • Moral Statements as Normative Statements
  • Moral Statements and Moral Standards
• Morality and the Other Normative Subjects

  • Morality and Etiquette
  • Morality and Law
  • Morality and Religion
• The Issue of Ethical Relativism

  • The Attractions of Ethical Relativism
  • The Challenges of Ethical Relativism
• UNIT 2 - ETHICAL THEORIES

  • CHAPTER 3 - CONSEQUENTIALISM
  • CHAPTER 4 - DEONTOLOGY
• Understanding Consequentialism

  1. A Theory of Ethics

  2. Intrinsic and Instrumental Good
• Varieties of Consequentialism

  • Hedonism and Non-Hedonism
  • Agent Relativity and Neutrality
  • Complex Forms and Representatives
• Utilitarianism

  1. Basic Elements of Hedonism

  2. Hedonistic and Non-Hedonistic Utilitarianism

  3. Act and Rule Utilitarianism

  4. Complex Forms of Utilitarianism
• Divine Command

  1. God’s Will as the Basis of Moral Law

  2. Criticisms on the Divine Command Theory

  3. Importance of the Concept of God in Morality
• Natural Law

  1. Basis of Right Action

  2. The Notion of Nature

  3. Moral Absolution and the Qualifying Principles

  4. Issues Challenging the Natural Law Theory
• Categorical Imperative

  1. The Good Will

  2. Acting from Duty

  3. The Categorical Imperative

  4. Evaluating Kant’s Ethics
• Conditional Deontology


  1. Situating Rossian Ethical Theory

  2. Distinguishing between Prima Facie and Actual Duties

  3. Determining Prima Facie and Actual Duties
• Licenses are privileges, not rights
• Is telling the truth always the right thing to do?
• Definition of ethics
• Unethical instances or values done
• Questions that are concerns of ethics

  • Everyone of us at one time or another has experienced asking about what the morally right thing to do is, or more generally about what things should be valued.
  • Some of our moral questions may be straightforwardly/practical
  • Or more abstract
  • Some moral questions we have may concern our own actions
  • Or deal with the actions of Others
  • This philosophical discipline basically deals with humanity’s inquiries about right conduct, the good life, moral values, and Other related issues.
• ETHICS AS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY
• What is Philosophy?
• Provides principles that develop skills for critical thinking to better understand and evaluate the world
• Metaphysics
• CASAMOK

  SY 2023-2024
• When you make decisions, don't rush
• Do not make decisions when you are too emotional
• Provides principles that develop skills for critical thinking

  To better understand and evaluate the world
• Metaphysics

  • What is reality?
  • How does it work?
• Epistemology


  • What is knowledge?
  • How does it work?
• Logic


  • What is truth?
  • How does it work?
• Ethics

  • What are values?
  • How does it work?
• Aesthetics


  • What is beauty?
  • How does it work?
• Politics


  • What is the best way to govern?
• Philosophical Inquiry


  A method geared towards arriving at a clear meaning of common human issues in everyday life
• Logic

  1. The science and art of correct thinking

  2. In logic, an argument is composed of premises and a conclusion

  3. Premise: An assumption that something is true

  4. Conclusion: A claim that has been reached through the process of reasoning and is justified by preceding premises
• Logic applies in our professional life

  Logic also applies in our professional life
• Ethics or Moral Philosophy

  • A branch of philosophy which deals with moral standards
  • Inquires about the rightness or wrongness of human behavior or the goodness or badness of personality, trait or character
• Ethics as a science


  • May be defined as the systematic study of the morality of human actions
  • It is a system of moral principles which may affect or influence how a person or group directs his/her life from decision making to ultimately living life
• The study of ethics often concerns what we ought to do and what it would be best to do
• Methods of Ethics

  • Deduction: Process of gaining knowledge independently of experience through pure logical reasoning
  • Induction: Process of arriving at knowledge through experience
• Deductive reasoning


  Begins with a universal or general truth and leads to knowledge of a particular instance of it