to memorize

• Olfactory (CN I)


  Responsible for the sense of smell
• Optic (CN II)


  Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain
• Oculomotor (CN III)


  Controls most of the eye movements, as well as the constriction of the pupil and accommodation of the lens
• Trochlear (CN IV)


  Controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye, involved in downward and inward eye movements
• Trigeminal (CN V)


  Sensory for the face and motor for chewing muscles
• Abducens (CN VI)


  Controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, involved in outward eye movements
• Facial (CN VII)


  Controls facial expression muscles, taste sensation for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretion of tears and saliva
• Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)


  Responsible for hearing and balance
• Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)


  Involved in taste sensation for the posterior one-third of the tongue, swallowing, and sensation in the throat
• Vagus (CN X)


  Innervates various organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, involved in autonomic functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing
• Accessory (CN XI)


  Controls certain neck muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
• Hypoglossal (CN XII)


  Controls movements of the tongue
• Cranial Nerves

  1. Olfactory (CN I)
  2. Optic (CN II)
  3. Oculomotor (CN III)
  4. Trochlear (CN IV)
  5. Trigeminal (CN V)
  6. Abducens (CN VI)
  7. Facial (CN VII)
  8. Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
  9. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  10. Vagus (CN X)
  11. Accessory (CN XI)
  12. Hypoglossal (CN XII)
• Hindbrain

  • Lowest portion of the brain; located at the skull’s rear
  • Consists of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons
  • Medulla – responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
  • Pons – involved in functions related to attention, sleep and arousal and respiration
  • Cerebellum – the “little brain” that controls all involuntary, rapid and fine motor movements.

  Injury to cerebellum may impair motor coordination and cause stumbling and loss of muscle tone
• Damages and Disorders to the Basal Ganglia

  
  

  1. Parkinson’s Disease – tremors rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowed movements).
  2. Huntington’s Disease - results in involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.
  3. Tourette Syndrome - a neurological condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
  4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - The repetitive behaviors seen in OCD may involve disruptions in the normal functioning of this brain region
• The medulla and pons control breathing, heart rate, and other vital functions through cranial nerves
• Brain Stem


  This composite structure extends from the top of the spinal cord into the center of the forebrain. The cerebral cortex surrounds the thalamus, pineal gland, and midbrain
• Damage in the reticular formation may result in a coma
• Forebrain


  Largest division of the brain - Cerebrum, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus
• Parts of the forebrain

  • Cerebrum
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebrum


  Responsible for thinking and language
• Thalamus


  Relays and translates incoming messages from the sense receptors, except those for smell
• Hypothalamus


  Governs motivation and emotional responses; keeps the body’s system within a healthy range; regulates sleep-wake cycles, sexual arousal, and appetite
• Basal Ganglia


  Involved in the coordination of voluntary movements, procedural learning, and habits
• Cerebral Cortex


  The outer surface of the cerebrum that regulates most of the complex behavior
• Midbrain


  • Located between the hindbrain and forebrain
  • Important for hearing and sight
  • One of several places in the brain that pain is registered
• Midbrain

  • Superior Colliculus – coordination of eye movements, particularly in response to visual stimuli.
  • Inferior Colliculus - receives auditory information from the ears and is involved in the localization of sound sources
  • Tegmentum - the coordination of fine motor movements
  • Reticular formation – functions of attention, sleep and arousal.
  • Substantia Nigra - It produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in coordinating smooth and controlled movements
• Basal Ganglia

  • a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, include three major structures: the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus
  • integrate motivational and emotional behavior to increase the vigor of selected actions
  • critical for learned skills and habits, as well as other types of learning that develop gradually

  damage to the basal ganglia impairs movement, as in conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.
• The Limbic System

  • Hippocampus – largest structure in the limbic system; plays a role in the formation of new memories; Alzheimer’s disease
  • Amygdala – processes basic emotions like fear and aggression and the memories associated with them

  Williams Syndrome – a rare genetic disorder which involves amygdala damage; characterized by inability to properly interpret facial expressions of anger and fear
• Frontal lobe


  Coordinates messages from other cerebral lobes; higher-level cognitive functions like thinking, planning and personality characteristics
• Precentral gyrus


  • Specialized for the control of fine movements, such as moving a finger
• Parietal lobe


  Integration of sensory information like touch and temperature; also involved in spatial abilities; essential for numerical information
• Occipital lobe


  Processing of visual information; primary visual cortex/striate cortex
• Temporal lobe


  Smell and hearing; balance and equilibrium; language comprehension; complex visual processing and facial recognition
• Cortical Blindness - destruction of any part of the striate cortex

  A tumor in the temporal lobe may give rise to elaborate auditory or visual hallucinations, whereas a tumor in the occipital lobe ordinarily evokes only simple sensations, such as flashes of light.
• Damages and Disorders to the Limbic System

  1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  2. Alzheimer’s Disease
  3. Major Depressive Disorder
  4. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  5. Schizophrenia
  6. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
  7. Borderline Personality Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)


  may have alterations in fear conditioning and emotional memory, often associated with heightened amygdala activity and changes in hippocampal function.
• Alzheimer’s Disease 


  is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the hippocampus and other limbic structures, leading to severe memory deficits and cognitive decline.
• Major Depressive Disorder 


  Structural and functional changes in the limbic system are associated with depressive symptoms
• Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 


  Seizures originating in the temporal lobe can impact the limbic system, leading to emotional disturbances and memory impairments