Exercise 1

• mykes - means fungi in greek
• Fungi - heterotrophic organisms as they obtain their nutrition from external sources.
• Most fungi are saprotrophic, feeding on dead organic matter (absorptive nutrition)
• Some fungi are parasitic or pathogenic, living off the tissues of other plants or animals
• Some species of fungi form symbiotic relationships such as:

  Lichens with algae, & Mycorrhiza with plant roots
• Identify the different flagellated structures

  A) akont

  B) opisthokont

  C) acrokont

  D) isokont

  E) anisokont

  F) heterokont

  
• These are yeasts, a unicellular fungi that undergo budding (form of asexual reproduction)

  
• Hyphae - long, branching, filamentous structure. Main mode of vegetative growth
• Mycelium - filamentous mass of hyphae
• Septum - the division of each cell in the fungal hyphae
• Aseptate - absence of septum
• Septate - presence of septum
• Thallus - the body or vegetative structure of fungi
• Hyphal tip - the growing end of a fungal hypha
• Apical growth - elongation of the hyphae, signified by tapering, thinner walls, and lighter pigmentation at the tips
• Plasma membrane - made up of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins
• Plasmalemma - other term for plasma membrane
• Cell wall - (In fungi) made up of Chitin (main component), Polysaccharide, Glycoprotein, Protein, Glucane, and Mannane [CPGPGM]
• Rhizomorphs - aggregation of hyphae that form "root-like" structures
• Basidiomycota - phylum of Fungi that form clamp connections
• In most yeasts, each cell is considered a thalli (each cell is a complete organism)
• Pseudomycelia - unicellular fungi that are joined end-to-end, imitating a mycelia
• Conidiophores - reproductive body which produces asexual spores known as 'conidia' externally
• Identify the parts of a Sporangiophore

  A) Sporangiophore

  B) Sporangiospores

  C) Sporangium

  
• Lichens - fungal-led associations with cyanobacteria and algae
• Order: Polyporales - most are wood decomposers
• Zygomycota - phylum of fungi that exist as insect pathogens, food spoilers, parasites, and mycorrhizal symbionts. Most are coenocytic
• This fungi is coprophilic due to its affinity for excrements (feces, dung, etc.)

  
• Oomycota - phylum of fungi-like organisms in the kingdom Chromista
• Before observing yeast cells, they are first stained with 0.1% Methylene Blue for 1 minute, then rinsed with water
• Label the parts of Penicillium spp.

  A) Conidia

  B) Phialides

  C) Metulae

  D) Ramuli

  E) Rami

  
• Potato Dextrose Agar - a versatile growing medium for bacteria and fungi