plant and animal organ system

• TEKS 7.12C: Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
• A cell is the smallest unit of an organism
• Specialized cells

  Cells that are adapted for specific functions
• Specialized cells work together

  1. Connective tissue adds support and structure

  2. Epithelial tissue is protective

  3. Muscle tissue moves body parts

  4. Nerve tissue relays information
• Tissues

  • Groups of similar specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function
• Organs

  • Combine different kinds of tissues that function together
• Organ systems

  • Groups of organs that work together to perform a major function
• Organisms

  • Complete living things that rely on cells for life functions
• Plant organs

  • Roots
  • Stems
  • Leaves
• Plant tissues

  • Dernat (outer, hard layer)
  • Vascular (made for transport)
  • Ground (everything else)
• Specialized plant cells

  • Xylem (conduct water)
  • Phloem (conduct solid material such as sugar)
• Meristem growth

  1. Embryotic stem cells that produce other cells

  2. Located on the tip of the developmental part
• Angiosperm Cross section

  • Gas Exchange
  • Stomata (guarded by Guard Cells, promote CO2 intake and H2O and O2 outtake, grants need for Calvin Cycle)
  • Energy Production/Mineral transport
  • Energy Production and Distribution (sugar produced by leaf through photosynthesis, translocated through flow of)
  • Minerals and Water Transport (root intake water and mineral, aids photosynthesis, symbiotic relationship with fungi: Mycorrhizae-increase absorption, Rhizobium-convert N to solute use)
  • Response
  • Reproduction (Pollination-transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, Double Fertilization-ensure endosperm develops)
  • Evolution
• Basics - Levels of Organization: Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems
• Digestive System Structures

  • Mouth (starting point of digestion)
  • Esophagus (gets food swallowed from the mouth)
  • Stomach (contains the food and releases enzymes to break it down)
  • Small intestines (uses enzymes made from the pancreas and bile made by the liver to break down food)
  • Gallbladder (releases bile to break down fats)
  • Large intestines (job of processing waste and drops it into the rectum)
• Stomach

  Contains the food and releases enzymes to break it down
• Small intestines

  Uses enzymes made from the pancreas and bile made by the liver to break down food
• Gallbladder

  Releases bile to break down fats
• Large intestines

  Job of processing waste and drops it into the rectum and then anus for release
• Digestive System

  1. Uses enzymes to break down, absorb, and excrete food taken into the body

  2. Helps in cellular respiration by supplying sugars such as glucose
• Respiratory System

  1. Allows us to breathe (this is needed to survive on Earth)

  2. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the process
• Respiratory System

  1. Trachea: part of the airway that connects throat and bronchi

  2. Bronchi: moves air from trachea to lungs

  3. Lungs: allows oxygen to supply red blood cells and the red blood cells move around the body

  4. Diaphragm: main component for respiration, functions with inhalation and exhalation

  5. Gills: takes in dissolved oxygen in water to breathe (fish)

  6. Hemoglobin: moves oxygen from lungs to tissues; moves carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• Nervous System

  1. Allows control for the body through communication within with certain parts

  2. Regulating processes in the body

  3. Coordination with other
• Nervous System

  1. Neuron: main feature of the brain; processes and transmits information

  2. Axon: sends information to neurons

  3. Dendrites: receive information from neurons

  4. Synapse: sends information from cell to cell
• Circulatory System

  1. Supplies the body with blood and oxygen

  2. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients are all transported throughout the body
• Circulatory System

  Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
• Adaptations

  A 4 chambered heart is able to separate deoxygenated and oxygenated blood (oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
• Excretory System

  1. Kidney: Filters the blood and creates urine

  2. Glomerulus: Blood plasma is filtered here

  3. Nephron: Regulates the concentration of water

  4. Bowman’s capsule: where blood filtration starts

  5. Loop of henle: Where blood and salts are reabsorbed into the blood

  6. Collecting duct: collects urine from the nephron and moves it to the ureters

  7. Filters the blood, keeps water balance, and excretes nitrogenous waste
• Muscles

  1. Muscle cells: contain protein filaments of actin and myosin

  2. Sarcomeres: structure unit of a myofibril

  3. Actin & myosin fibers: Actin form the thin filaments and myosin form the thick filaments

  4. Tropomyosin regulatory protein: troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in the muscle tissue

  5. Helps with movement
• Immune

  1. Lymph system: major part of the immune system

  2. Leukocytes: protect the body from infectious disease and foreign invaders

  3. Lymphocytes: a form of lymphocyte

  4. Macrophage: phagocytic cell found in the tissues or mobile white blood cell

  5. B cells: produces antibodies

  6. T cells: destroy t cells to hunt down and destroy cells that are infected with germs

  7. Protects body from attacks by pathogens
• Reproduction

  1. Testicles: create sperm

  2. Penis: urination and semen delivery

  3. Glands: creates sex hormones

  4. Sperm: reproductive cell for males

  5. Ovaries: creates sex hormones

  6. Eggs: reproductive cells for females

  7. Fallopian tubes: transfers egg from ovary to uterus

  8. Uterus: develops embryo and fetus when pregnant

  9. Create offspring (make sure survival is possible)

  10. Produce sex cells
• After a long period of negligence to water his plants, a researcher noticed that his beloved Rosa Banksianae began to wilt.
• Propose the best explanation for the cause of wilting of the rose:
• a. Because of long drought, the plant is unable to absorb mineral from the root and thus transport water to the leaves, thus causing wilt.
• b. Because of long drought, the plant’s root have no water to absorb and thus resulting in a lack of water. To counter the lack, the plant wilt its leaves, which eventually decreases loss of water due to stomata.
• c. Because of sunlight pre
• Transport of water from the root to the leaves

  Causes wilt
• Long drought results in lack of water absorption by the plant's roots

  Causes the plant to wilt its leaves to decrease water loss through stomata
• The researcher noticed that a cactus he had forgotten in the corner of his room for months showed no symptoms of wilting
• Proposed explanation for the cactus surviving the long drought