PR1

• Research


  Method of collecting, presenting, organizing, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting data to produce new sets of knowledge and practices
• Four main types of research

  • Basic Research
  • Applied Research
  • Evaluation Research (Summative and Formative)
  • Action Research
• Basic Research


  • Focuses on understanding and explaining a specific phenomenon
  • Descriptive in nature, answering what, why, and how questions
• Applied Research


  • Places emphasis on looking for possible solutions to human and societal problems
  • Prescriptive in nature, focusing on how questions
• Evaluation Research (Summative and Formative)


  • Studies processes and outcomes of a solution aimed at a specific problem
  • Formative research seeks to improve human actions regarding specific conditions on a specific problem, while summative research focuses on judging the effectiveness of a program, policy, or product
• Action Research


  • Tries to solve problems within a program, organization, or community
  • Researchers are usually those within the program, organization, or community
• Importance of Research

  • Brings new knowledge
  • Clears issues
  • Solves problems
  • Trains one’s mind
  • Assists human needs and wants, develops society, and leads to progress
• Characteristics of Research

  • Systematic- a system is followed
  • Empirical- supported by evidence
  • Clear- properly explain the research variables
  • Contextual- derived from a particular context, trend, and gap
  • Ethical- observed norms or standards
• Outline and Process of a Research

  1. Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background

  2. Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework

  3. Chapter 3: Research Methodology

  4. Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

  5. Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
• Steps in the Research Processes

  1. Observing a phenomenon

  2. Determining a problem

  3. Describing the problem

  4. Setting goals (research objective)

  5. Determining the trends and gaps of the research (lapses in knowledge)

  6. Seek readings that will support the research rationale

  7. Review the literature

  8. Collect primary data

  9. Present the data acquired

  10. Interpret the data acquired

  11. Summarize the findings

  12. Draw conclusions

  13. Recommend/share the research
• Ethics in Research

  • Honesty- Data should never be fabricated
  • Objectivity- Biases should be avoided
  • Integrity - Consistency of thought
  • Care- Careless errors and negligence should be avoided
  • Openness- The researcher should be open to criticisms and new ideas
  • Respect
• Ethics in Research

  • Honesty: Data should never be fabricated
  • Objectivity: Biases should be avoided
  • Integrity: Consistency of thought
  • Care: Careless errors and negligence should be avoided
  • Openness: The researcher should be open to criticisms and new ideas
  • Respect for intellectual property: Proper acknowledgment should be given to all authors cited
  • Confidentiality: Confidential communications or documents should be protected
  • Responsible publication: Should be done with the purpose
  • Responsible mentoring: The research should seek to educate, mentor, and advise students
  • Respect for colleagues: All peers should be treated fairly
  • Social responsibility: Social good should be promoted and social harm should be avoided
  • Non-discrimination: All those eligible to participate in research should be allowed to do so
  • Competence: Professional competence and expertise
  • Legality: A researcher should know and obey relevant laws, and institutional and government policies
  • Human subject protection: Harm and risks to human lives should be minimized
• Rights of Research Participants

  • Voluntary participation: Any person should not be coerced to
  • Informed consent: Prospective research participants must be fully informed
  • Risk of harm: Participants should be protected from physical, financial, or psychological harm
  • Confidentiality: Participants must be assured that their identity and other personal information will not be made available to anyone
  • Anonymity: The participants must remain anonymous
• Kinds of Qualitative Research

  1. Phenomenology: Deals with making sense of the individual’s experiences

  2. Ethnography: Deals with studying a specific topic within the context of a particular group of people

  3. Grounded Theory: Focuses on inductive thematic analysis, the process of reading data, identifying prevalent themes, coding (categorizing and analyzing), and interpreting the given data

  4. Case Study: Used in studying and exploring complex issues with a small number of respondents

  5. Discourse/Conversation Analysis: The researcher analyzes the conversations of individuals to arrive at an interpretation

  6. Narrative Analysis: Focuses on the stories (narratives) told by the respondents as the source of data

  7. Historical Study: Used to study past events
• Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields
• Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

  1. Exploration and Explanation: Due to being subjective in nature which places emphasis on the opinions and preferences of the respondents, this research paradigm can provide more flexibility and freedom in exploring and explaining unclear situations, conditions, or knowledge

  2. Context: Qualitative research provides richer data in terms of actual experiences. This is because the data gathered is usually from the personal experiences and context of the respondents as observed by the researcher
• Descriptive research provides richer data in terms of actual experiences as it is gathered from the personal experiences and context of the respondents
• A research title is a product of real-world observations, wide reading, and meaningful interactions with other people
• Research Topic


  • General area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research
• How to Choose a Good Research Topic

  1. Interest should be based on individual perception and observation

  2. Scheme must fall under a particular path or circle of discipline

  3. Flexibility capable to produce possible subtopics to any given research topic

  4. Literature supporting the planned research should be available

  5. Specificity specific enough so as not to promote confusion about the factors to be included in the study
• Research Topic (Scheme)

  • Psychology
  • Subtopics: Behavior, Human Development, Personality, etc.
• Elements of a Research Title: Subject Matter/Topic, Locus/place of study, Respondents, Time Period, Aim or Purpose
• Statement of the Problem is the formulation of the heart of the thesis, stating the general and specific problems after clarifying the rationale, seriousness of the problem, and overall objective
• Types of Research Questions

  • Central Questions, Sub-questions
• Background of the Study includes rationale, setting of the problem, literature foundation, seriousness of the problem, general objective, and general purpose of the study
• Citing Sources: American Psychological Association (APA) format for in-text citation and referencing
• Summarizing or paraphrasing the main findings from a research article is the preferred method of citing sources in an APA paper
• Writing References: Refer to Week 5 Module for guidelines
• Writing References

  Refer to Week 5 Module for guidelines
• Scope and Delimitation of Study


  Study presents the variables or subjects of the study and the extent to which the research will cover
• Parts of the Significance of the Study

  • Contribution
  • Context
• Scope and Delimitation of Study


  • Study presents the variables or subjects of the study
  • Explains what information or subject is being analyzed
  • Discusses why certain aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were excluded by the researcher
• Limitations vs. Delimitations

  • Limitations identify the potential weaknesses of the study that the researcher cannot control
  • Delimitations are choices made by the researcher on how a study will be narrowed in scope
• Significance of the Study


  • Defines and specifies the benefit a particular person or group of people would get from the study
  • Contribution specifies the fundamental importance of a research in a particular purpose
  • Context specifies the target respondents and group of people that can benefit or acquire practical ideas and developmental insights in a certain study
• Review of Related Literature and Studies

  • Related literature is any published work in the form of books, periodicals, and journals that has the same topic as the researcher’s study
  • Related study refers to any published scientific study that investigates the subject matter and/or its variables
• Steps in Writing Reviewing Literature and Studies

  1. Finding Relevant Materials

  2. Actual Reading

  3. Note-Taking
• Actual Reading Techniques

  1. Elementary Reading- basic, focus on sounds, letters, numbers, meaning of sentences. Does not include analysis

  2. Systematic Skimming- quickly gleaning information from a reference

  3. Analytic Reading- researcher asks questions about the articles and summarize the main points of the article as well as the other contents

  4. Comparative Reading- compares one reference to another and determine the similarities and differences
• Note Taking Techniques

  1. Quotation- directly or indirectly quotation of what another author said

  2. Paraphrasing- using own words

  3. Verbatim- word by word

  4. Precis- short explanation to support original source

  5. Summary- key points