REVIEWER

• Reading techniques


  1. Skimming

  2. Scanning

  3. Detailed Reading

  4. Getting Main Idea

  5. Making Inference

  6. Assess the writer’s purpose

  7. Fact & Opinion

  8. Drawing Conclusion
• Fictional story


  • Anecdotal, experiential, & personal
• Elements of a story

  1. Setting

  2. Theme

  3. Mood

  4. Characters

  5. Plot
• Effective Narrative Elements

  • Thesis
  • Transition
  • Conclusion
  • Description
  • Spatial Order
  • Supporting Sentences
  • Paragraph Unity
• Exemplification/Illustration


  To illustrate a point; to explain a general statement by means of more narrowed details or specific examples
• Transitional Expressions

  1. For instance

  2. A case in point is

  3. To illustrate

  4. For example
• Comparison of two distinct subjects

  1. To analyze the differences and/or similarities of two distinct subjects

  2. To illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between 2 subjects
• Transitional Expressions for Comparison

  1. In the same way

  2. Both, neither

  3. Similarly like
• Types of writing

  • Narrative Writing
  • Descriptive Writing
  • Classification Essay
  • Comparison & Contrast
• Purposes of comparing two distinct subjects

  • To illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between 2 subjects
• Transitional expressions for comparison

  • In the same way
  • Both, neither
  • Similarly like
• Chapter 1 topics

  • Reading Skills
  • Narrative Writing
  • Descriptive Writing
  • Classification Essay
  • Comparison & Contrast Essay
• Transitional expressions for contrast

  • Although
  • However
  • In contrast
  • On the other hand
  • Whereas
  • But, unlike, while
• Techniques for comparing and contrasting

  • Basis of Comparison
  • Alternating Method
  • Block Method
  • Combination Method
• Transitional words for explaining situations and consequences


  • To explain why a certain situation happened
  • The consequences connected to that particular situation
• Developing the essay structures

  • Block Structure – all of the causes are listed first then all of the effects are listed afterwards
  • Chain Structure – each cause is followed by the effect
• Types of essays


  • Argumentative Essay – not a one-sided argumentation; provide credible facts
  • Persuasive Essay
• Hyperlink – can be found in a word/phrase that the readers can click on to jump to a new document
• Hypertext Literacy (Dudeney, Hockly & Pegrum (2013)) – the ability to process hyperlinks appropriately & to use hyperlinks effectively to enhance a document or artefact
• Interactive reading skills according to Natalya Sinitskaya
• Interactive reading skills

  • Non-sequential reading
  • Critical reading
  • Reader-centered encounter with the text
  • Collaboration with the author
  • Manipulation skills
• Text navigation skills according to Natalya Sinitskaya
• Text navigation skills

  • Accessing information
  • Browsing
  • Orientation in the cyberspace
• Intertextuality – Direct borrowing/ to inspire one text
• Cause & Effect as a pattern of paragraph development