Cell structure to function

• Specialised cells have specific structures to carry out it's function
• A phagocyte has a lobed nucleus and is flexible to engulf pathogens
• Nerve cells are highly branched and have an elongated structure to from connections with lots of other nerve cells via synapse
• Red blood cells have biconcave shape and no nucleus to increase surface area and leave more space for oxygen
• Root hair cells increase the surface area of root system maximising osmosis
• Ciliated cells have cilia to move mucous to trap airborne pathogens
• A vacuole contains cell sap
• Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
• Nucleus stores DNA in form of chromosomes
• DNA is wrapped around protein
• Cell wall provides structure
• Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration, releases energy in the form of ATP
• The cell membrane controls the entrance and exit of cell
• Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions - e.g. anaerobic respiration which releases energy in form of ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid in animals and in plants it produces ethanol, yeast and carbon dioxide
• ATP is nucleotide that carries and releases chemical energy for cellular processes
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
• Cell wall provides support and protection against pathogens
• Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored as glucose
• Chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place
• Mitochondria are organelles found in all animal and plant cells where aerobic respiration takes place.
• Chloroplasts are organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
• The chlorophyll pigment absorbs light energy from sunlight
• Ribosomes synthesise proteins from amino acids
• Mitochondria are the powerhouse of cells because they produce ATP through aerobic respiration
• Cytoplasm is a gel like substance where most chemical reactions occur , it contains enzymes that control the chemical reactions
• Cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole are the 3 structures a plant also has
• Vacuole contains cell sap which is a weak solution of sugar and salts
• Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs, it makes food for the plant. They contain chlorophyll which makes the plant green and absorbs light needed for photosynthesis
• Cell wall is made from cellulose and supports and strengthens the cell
• A bacterial cell contains:

  -ribosomes

  -cytoplasm

  -cell wall

  -cell membrane

  -plasmid

  -circular strand of DNA
• Plasmids are small rings of DNA a cell can contain one or more
• Circular strand of DNA freely floats in the cytoplasm, similar to a nucleus in a eukaryotic cell