Model of Communications

• Shannon-Weaver model is a model consisting of basic elements such as a source, encoder, medium, decoder, receiver, and noise. (SEMDRN)
• Warren Weaver and Claude Shannon
• Noise is recognized as an inevitable obstacle that both sender and receiver must overcome.
• The Schramm Communication Model is a cyclical communication model containing all basic principles of communication.
• Key part in Schramm: Field of Experience
• Eugene White’s model is a transactional communication theory that explains oral discussion
• The most important component of Eugene White’s model is feedback.
• White’s stages of oral communication examples are: (TSETRDFM)

  1. Thinking
  2. Symbolizing
  3. Expressing
  4. Transmitting
  5. Receiving
  6. Decoding
  7. Feedbacking
  8. Monitoring
• Albert Mehrabian, born 1939, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is best known for his publications on the relative importance of verbal and nonverbal messages.
• According to Mehrabian, when a person communicates feelings, the three elements of the message— words, toneofvoice, and facial expression —contribute differently to how much others like the person.
• In Mehrabian's Theory, words account for 7%, tone of voice for 38% and body language for 55% of the liking.
• Mehrabian wanted to discover which carried the most weight in order to know whether we listen more to what people say, or how they say it.
• Paul Grice introduced the Cooperative principle in his 1975 article 'Logic and Conversation'
• Maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relevance, Manner (QQRM)
• 1. Quality - Truthful
  2. Quantity - Informative
  3. Relevance - Relevant
  4. Manner - Clear
• Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete, Courteous - 7Cs
• Highlights of Aristotle: Speaker, Speech
• 3 Applications of Aristotle's Model

  
  

  1. Legal
  2. Deliberative
  3. Ceremonial
• 3 Modes of Persuasion

  1. ethos

  2. pathos

  3. logos
• Pathos - emotional appeal to the audience
• Ethos - credibility or character of the speaker
• Logos - logical argumentation
• Elements of Aristotle:

  Speaker

  Speech

  Occasion

  Audience

  Effect
• Elements(Shannon Weaver):

  Sender

  Encoder

  Channel

  Noise

  Decoder

  Receiver

  Feedback
• What will you do to reach an effective communication, given that noise is constant?

  • Utilize gadgets or peripherals like earphones to minimize the noise
• Albert Mehrabian

  -also known as 7 38 55 rule

  -initially focused on emotional communication

  7 - words

  38 - tone of voice

  55 - body language

  • generalized use of the theory for all types of communication instead of only for emotional communication

  The percentages represent the impact on the audience
• Paul Grice(Herbert Paul Grice)

  4 Principles

  • Maxim of Quality

  - truthful

  • Maxim of Quantity

  - providing only what is asked

  • Maxim of Relevance

  - relevant to the conversation

  • Maxim of Manner

  - avoid obscurity/clarity
• 3 Applications of Aristotle's Model:

  1.Legal

  2. Deliberative

  3. Ceremonial
• Coherence - makes sense

  Cohesion - arranged well with conjuctions
• Clearness/Clarity - be clear about the purpose or goal of your message
• Concise - keep to the point and keep your message short and simple
• Concrete - provide detail but not too much detail, do not be fuzzy!
• Correct - make sure your message is accurate and grammatically correct
• Coherent - make sure your message is laid out logically
• Complete - make sure the recepient has everything they need to understand
• Courteous - message should be polite, friendly, and professional