PT15Membrane

• Introduction to cellular physiology and organ physiology
• Understanding the basic processes and functions of the human body
• Suggested Readings / References

  • GUYTON & HALL, et.al. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY. 10th/11th/12th/14th ed.
  • ELAINE N. MARIEB. ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. 5th */8th/9th/10th/12th ed.
  • SALADIN, K.S.; et. al. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: The Unity of Form & Function. 8th Ed. (2018)
• External Useful Links for Online Resources / Readings


  • https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction
  • https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/AnatomyandPhysiology-OP.pdf
  • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology
  • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function
  • https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Human_Anatomy_(OERI)/02%3A_Cellular_Level_of_Organization
• ANATOMY – science of body structure; deals with the STRUCTURE (morphology) & SHAPE of the body & its parts & their relationships with one another
• PHYSIOLOGY – science of body function; studies the FUNCTION of these parts
• The two disciplines – Anatomy & Physiology – are closely interrelated because the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed
• Topics of Anatomy

  • Gross anatomy
  • Regional anatomy
  • Systemic anatomy
  • Surface anatomy
  • Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology)
  • Developmental anatomy
• Topics of Physiology at the System Level

  • Muscular
  • Cardiovascular/Circulatory
  • Respiratory
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Renal
  • Neurophysiology
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Immune
• Topics of Physiology at various Organizational Levels

  • Cellular Physiology
  • Animal Physiology
  • Pathophysiology
• Function dependent on Structure

  • mineral deposits harden – bones & teeth
  • valves in heart – keep blood flow unidirectional
• Function is also specific to Location

  • cartilage is flexible and smooth– ears, nose, joints
  • actin/myosin interacts in muscle fibers
  • hairs – skin, scalp, axillae, nose, etc.
• Function and Process

  Distinguish between the two
• Physiology is Function & Process, from cell to human (levels of organization), a review of the organ systems, the concept of homeostasis
• Human Physiology – Concerned with specific characteristics & mechanisms of the human body that makes it a living being
• PHYSIOLOGY


  “PHYSIO” – nature; “OLOGY” – is the study of the FUNCTION of all plants & animals in their normal state. Explains the PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL factors responsible for the origin, development & progression of life. An integrative science; Cuts across many levels of organization
• Integrate both for a complete picture! Levels of organization and the related fields of study
• Essential Concepts: The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organismal
• The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organismal
• Chemical level

  • Atoms are the simplest level
  • Two or more atoms comprise a molecule
  • Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells
• Macromolecules

  • small inorganic
  • small organic
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
• Cellular level


  • Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell
  • Cells are the basic living unit, specialized for specific functions
• Tissue level

  • Tissues are groups of similar types of cells functioning together
  • 4 types: Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Neural
• Organ level

  • Organs are structures composed of groups of 2 or more different tissue types organized to perform specific functions for the body
• Organ System level

  • Group of different body organs that work together closely to accomplish a common function
  • Organ Systems operate as integrated units
• Eleven (11) Organ systems functioning & working together to maintain life constitute & make up a living body of an organism
• Organ Systems

  • Body Covering: Integumentary system
  • Support and Movement: Skeletal system, Muscular system
  • Integration and Coordination: Nervous system, Endocrine system
  • Transport: Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic system
  • Absorption and Excretion: Digestive system, Respiratory system, Urinary system
  • Reproduction: Reproductive system
• Interrelationships between body organ systems

  • Integumentary system protects the body from external environment
  • Digestive & respiratory system take in nutrients & oxygen which are distributed by the blood to all body cells
  • Elimination of metabolic wastes is by the digestive, urinary & respiratory system
• Digestive & respiratory system

  In contact with external environment, takes in nutrients & oxygen which are distributed by the blood to all body cells
• Elimination of metabolic wastes


  By the digestive, urinary & respiratory system
• Homeostasis


  Ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to the external environment
• Homeostasis


  • Indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium; balance in which internal conditions change & vary but always within relatively narrow limits
  • Cells in tissues & organs perform specific functions that help maintain homeostasis
  • Regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point & effectors in common
  • Important for maintaining physiological limits
• Homeostatic Control Systems of the Body


  Network of body
• The human organism is an integrated network where complex physiologic systems, each with its own regulatory mechanism, continuously interacting and where failure of one system can trigger a breakdown of the entire network
• Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms
• Organ systems work in harmony to promote well-being of the entire body & functions to maintain life
• Boundaries are maintained: “inside” remains distinct from its outside
• Movement
• Movement

  • Motion of the whole body, individual cells, organelles or material inside the body/cells
  • Walking/running
  • Food moving from the mouth throughout the GI tract
  • White blood cells patrolling the body to fight infection
  • Mitochondria moving in the cell in response to oxygen
• Responsiveness