3.2 Factors Determining Human Population Growth

• Fecundity; the physical ability to reproduce
• Fertility; the actual production of offspring
• Crude Birth Rate; the number of births in a year per thousand persons
• Total Fertility Rate; the number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
• Zero Population Growth (ZPG); births plus immigration in a population is equal to the deaths plus emigration
• In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages, health problems, and cultural practices limit total fertility to about 6 or 7 children per woman, even without modern methods of birth control.
• As in Brazil, fertility rates have declined dramatically (which has something to do with modernization) except in Africa over the past 50 years.
• 7 children; the average family in Mexico in 1975 had this much of children.
• 2.3 children; the average children a Mexican woman can have by 2010
• Iran; in this country the total fertility fell from 6.5 in 1975 to 2.04 in 2010.
• one-child-per-family policy; This policy helped China decrease fertility rate from 6 in 1970 to 1.7 in 2010
• Crude Death Rates (or Crude Mortality Rates); the number of deaths per thousand persons in any given year
• Countries in Africa where healthcare and sanitation are limited may have mortality rates of what?

  20 or more per 1000 people
• Wealthier countries generally have mortality rates of what?

  10 per 1000
• Brazil; has a crude death rate of 6 per 1000
• Denmark; has a crude death rate of 12 per 1000
• Life expectancy; the average age that a newborn infant can be expected to attain in any given society
• Life Span; the oldest age to which a species is known to survive
• Jeanne Louise Calment; the oldest age that can be certified by written records.
• Jeanne Louise Calment; the French Supercenternarian
• 122 years old; the age of Jeanne Louise Calment at her death in 1997
• Past Life Expectancy; 35 to 40 years old
• Average Life Expectancy over the past 100 years; 67.2 years old
• Life Expectancy; another way of expressing the average age at death
• 20th Century; saw a global transformation in human health unmatched in history
• Longer Lives were due to what?

  better nutrition, improved sanitation, clean water, and education